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ZEROTH & FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS introduction thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects ure studied and surroundings. A system ts composed related to one In categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system und of particles, whose averuge motions define is properties. which in tum are another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibriy id ms are WS ous processes. The starting point for most thermodynamic considerat h a namics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between phys wal systems as heat or works They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any isolated system that 1s in thermodynamic equilibrium, Thermodynamics is well understood by defining state functions and the terminology which js frequently used In this chapter we will study zeroth law and concept of lemperature followed by first law of thermodynamics. internal energy. latent heat and work done. Work done in various thermodynamical processes, concept of enthalpy, relation between C,, and C,, Carnot’s engine, its efficiency and efficiency of internal combustion engines (Otto and diesel) will be studied. 1.1. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM Asystem may be defined as a definite quantity of matter (solid, liquid or gases) bounded by ‘ome closed surtace. The simplest example of a system ts a gas contained in a cylinder with a movable piston. When a system is completely uniform throughout, such as gas, or mixture of gases, ora pure solid. or a liquid or a solution is called a homogencous. system. ben a system consists of two or more phases, which are separated from ane another hy delinite boundary itis sand to be a heterogeneous, system. Examples of heterogeneous system are! a ill quids. Anything outside this system asa di ringon the behaviour of the surfaces liguid and its vapour, two imémscible Oo Which can exchinge ene Wilh Pa called as its surroundings. Asystem may be separated from its surroundings by a real or imagmary boundary through which heat or mechanical energy may pass. The existence of the boundary is, howey x. eeseniial fo visualize the system distinctly from rest of the universe. A thermodynamic system mity Contain nu substance at all, but may consist of radiant energy or electric and magnetic field The Combination of a system and its surroundings is called an wamverse 
