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B.Tech – CSE (Emerging Technologies) R-
Artificial Intelligence
(AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION – UGC, GOVT. OF INDIA)
Department of CSE
(Emerging Technologies)
(INTERNET OF THINGS)
B.TECH(R-20 Regulation)
(III YEAR – I SEM)
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
(R20A0465)
LECTURE NOTES
Prepared by
Mrs. Vijaya Bharathi
MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India) Recognized under 2(f) and 12(B) of UGC ACT 1956 (Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE-Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Hakimpet), Secunderabad–500100, Telangana State, India
MRCET CAMPUS
B.Tech – CSE (Emerging Technologies) R-
Artificial Intelligence
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Vision
“To be at the forefront of Emerging Technologies and to evolve as a Centre of Excellence in Research, Learning and Consultancy to foster the students into globally competent professionals useful to the Society.”
Mission
The department of CSE (Emerging Technologies) is committed to:
To offer highest Professional and Academic Standards in terms of Personal growth and satisfaction. Make the society as the hub of emerging technologies and thereby capture opportunities in new age technologies. To create a benchmark in the areas of Research, Education and Public Outreach.
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QUALITY POLICY
To pursue continual improvement of teaching learning process of Undergraduate and Post Graduate programs in Engineering & Management vigorously.
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For more information: www.mrcet.ac.in
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Protocols, Contention-Based MAC Protocols, and Hybrid MAC Protocols. Location discovery, quality, other issues, S-MAC, IEEE 802.15.4.
UNIT - IV:
Network Layer: Routing Metrics, Flooding and Gossiping, Data- Centric Routing, Proactive Routing, On-Demand Routing, Hierarchical Routing, Location-Based Routing.
UNIT - V:
QoS-Based Routing Protocols:Node and Network Management: Power Management, Local Power Management aspects, Dynamic Power Management, Conceptual Architecture
TEXTBOOKS:
- WaltenegusDargie, Christian Poellabauer, ―Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice‖, Wiley 2010
- Mohammad S. Obaidat, Sudip Misra, ―Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks‖, Cambridge, 2014
- LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, Zach Shelby, Carsten Bormann, Wiley
- Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, Dr. Ovidiu Vermesan, Dr. Peter Friess, River Publishers
REFERENCE BOOKS:
- Ian F. Akyildiz, Mehmet Can Vuran , ―Wireless Sensor Networks‖, Wiley 2010
- C S Raghavendra, K M Sivalingam, TaiebZnati, ―Wireless Sensor Networks‖, Springer, 2010
- C. Sivarmmurthy& B.S. Manoj, ―Adhoc Wireless Networks‖, PHI-
- FEI HU., XIAOJUN CAO, ―Wireless Sensor Networks‖, CRC Press, 2013
- Feng ZHAO, Leonidas GUIBAS, ― Wireless Sensor Networks‖, ELSEVIER , 2004
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- The Internet of Things: From RFID to the Next-Generation Pervasive Networked Lu Yan, Yan Zhang, Laurence T. Yang, Huansheng Ning
- Internet of Things (A Hands-on-Approach) , Vijay Madisetti , ArshdeepBahga
- Designing the Internet of Things , Adrian McEwen (Author), HakimCassimally
COURSE OUTCOMES:
- Understand the challenges, design goals and architecture of Wireless sensor networks
- Understand the channel encoding and modulation mechanism.
- Understand the contention free and contention based MAC protocols.
- Understand the routing metrics and protocols of Network layer
- Understand the QoS based routing protocols
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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed network A network configuration where every participant can communicate with one another without going through a centralized point. WSN comprises a large number of distributed, self-directed, tiny, low powered devices called sensor nodes WSN has embedded devices that are networked to supportively collect, process, and convey data to the users. WSN has restricted computing and processing capabilities. WSN can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks It is used to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants It pass their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analysed A sink or base station acts like an interface between users and the network. One can retrieve required information from the network by injecting queries and gathering results from the sink. A wireless sensor network contains hundreds of thousands of sensor nodes. The sensor nodes can communicate among themselves using radio signals. A wireless sensor node is equipped with sensing and computing devices, radio transceivers and power components. The individual nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are inherently resource constrained. They have limited processing speed storage capacity communication bandwidth After the sensor nodes are deployed, they are responsible for self- organizing an appropriate network infrastructure often with multi-hop communication with them. Then the onboard sensors start collecting information of interest Wireless sensor devices also respond to queries sent from a ―control site‖ to perform specific instructions or provide sensing samples. The working mode of the sensor nodes may be either continuous or event driven. Global Positioning System (GPS) and local positioning algorithms can be used to obtain location and positioning information
Why use a WSN?
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Ease of deployment Wireless communication means no need for a communication infrastructure setup Drop and play Low-cost of deployment Nodes are built using off-the-shelf cheap components Fine grain monitoring Feasible to deploy nodes densely for fine grain monitoring
Applications of wireless sensor networ k
- Military applications
- Area monitoring
- Transportation
- Health applications
- Environmental sensing
- Structural monitoring
- Industrial monitoring
- Agricultural sector
- Neighbor node discovery
- Smart sensing
- Data storage and processing
- Data aggregation
- Target tracking
- Control and monitoring
- Node localization
- Synchronization 17.Efficient routing between nodes and base stationBattlefield Monitoring 18.Intelligent Guiding 19.Remote Sensing 20.Sniper Detection 21.Environmental 22.Habitat Monitoring Air or Water Quality Monitoring Hazard
- Monitoring Disaster
- Monitoring Health
- Care Behavior Monitoring 26.Medical Monitoring Home
- Intelligence Smart 28.Home Remote Metering 29.Industrial Process
- Control Security and Surveillance Military applications
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Wireless sensor networks have been developed for machinery condition- based maintenance (CBM) as they offer significant cost savings and enable new functionalities. Agricultural sector using a wireless network frees the farmer from the maintenance of wiring in a difficult environment. Irrigation automation enables more efficient water use and reduces waste Components of a wireless sensor network : The components of WSN system are sensor node, rely node, actor node, cluster head, gateway and base station.
SENSOR NODES Sensor nodes are used to monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, humidity, sound, vibration, position etc. Each and every node is capable to perform data gathering, sensing, processing and communicating with other nodes. The sensing unit senses the environment The processing unit computes the confined permutations of the sensed data The communication unit performs exchange of processed information among neighboring sensor nodes. Mostly ATMEGA 16, ATMEGA 128L, MSP 430 controllers are used in commercial motes. It is Capable of executing data processing data gathering communicating with additional associated nodes in the network
In WSN, based on the sensing range and environment, the sensor nodes are classified into four groups, namely specialized sensing node, generic sensing node, highbandwidth sensing node and gateway node. The radio bandwidth for the sensor nodes are<50 Kbps, <100 Kbps, ≈ Kbps and >500 Kbps Sensing is a technique used to gather information about a physical object or process, including the occurrence of events (i.e., changes in state such as a drop in temperature or pressure. An object performing such a sensing task is called a sensor. remote sensors, that is, they do not need to touch the monitored object to gather information
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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sensor is a device that translates parameters or events in the physical world into signals that can be measured and analyzed. A transducer is often used to describe a device that converts energy from one form into another A sensor is a type of transducer that converts energy in the physical world into electrical energy that can be passed to a computing system or controller. Phenomena in the physical world (often referred to as process, system, or plant) are observed by a sensor device. The resulting electrical signals are often not ready for immediate processing, therefore they pass through a signal conditioning stage. A variety of operations can be applied to the sensor signal to prepare it for further use. For example, signals often require amplification (or attenuation) to change the signal magnitude to better match the range of the following analog-to-digital conversion signal conditioning often applies filters to the signal to remove unwanted noise within certain frequency ranges High pass filters can be used to remove 50 or 60Hz noise picked up by surrounding power lines After conditioning, the analog signal is transformed into a digital signal using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The signal is now available in a digital form and ready for further processing, storing, or visualization. An increasing number of sensors communicate the collected data wirelessly to a centralized processing station. This is important since many network applications require hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes, often deployed in remote and inaccessible areas. A wireless sensor has not only a sensing component, but also on-board processing, communication, and storage capabilities. The sensors should be utilized in a way that produces the maximum performance with less energy Sensor node: Capable of executing data processing, data gathering and communicating with additional associated nodes in the network. A distinctive
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Highly reliability Easy coordination with other nodes in the network Control protocols simple network interfaces with other smart devices
sensor node is often not only responsible for data collection, but also for in-network analysis, correlation Sensor nodes communicate not only with each other but also with a base station (BS) using their wireless radios, allowing them to disseminate their sensor data to remote processing, visualization, analysis, and storage systems simple sensor nodes may monitor a single physical phenomenon while more complex devices may combine many different sensing techniques (e.g., acoustic, optical,magnetic). They can also differ in their communication capabilities Eg. ultrasound, infrared, or radio frequency technologies with varying data rates and latencies. While simple sensors may only collect and communicate information about the observed environment. Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, allowing them to accurately determine their position. More powerful devices (i.e., devices with large processing, energy, and storage capacities) may also perform extensive processing and aggregation functions. Such devices may form communication backbones that can be used by other resource-constrained sensor devices to reach the base station. For interconnectivity functions high end smart bandwidth sensing node and gateway nodes are preferred. Senor nodes in an open environment regularly sense the physical and environmental changes and transmit the information to the centralized server called a gateway. The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be in the order of hundreds or even thousands. Hence, WSN designed for sensor networks is supposed to be highly scalable. Mobility of nodes--In order to increase the communication efficiency, the nodes can move anywhere within the sensor field based on the type of applications. The option for reprogramming or reconfiguring should be available for the WSN to become adaptive for any dynamic changes in the network. The limited computation and power resources of sensor nodes often make it undesirable to use public key algorithms. Sensor node (mote)
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Sensor node topology Connection between sensor nodes follows some standard topology. The WSN should have the capability to work in the dynamic topology. If any node in the WSN fails to exchange data with other nodes, it should be informed without delay to the base station or gateway node The WSN should have the capability to work without any central control point Sensor Node Special Features
Technical advancement in processor Communication Usage of low power embedded computing devices. Sensor nodes are used to monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, humidity, sound, vibration, position etc.
RELAY NODE
It is a midway node used to communicate with the adjacent node. It is used to enhance the network reliability. A rely node is a special type of field device that does not have process sensor or control equipment and as such does not interface with the 7 process itself. A distinctive rely node processor speed is about 8 MHz, having 8 KB of RAM, 128 KB flash and preferably 916 MHz of radio frequency. ACTOR NODE It is a high end node used to perform and construct a decision depending upon the application requirements.
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- Single - Sink and Multi-sink Network
- Single - Hop and Multi-hop Network
- Self - Reconfigurable and Non - Self - Configurable Network
- Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Network Static and Mobile Network In many applications, all the sensor nodes are fixed without movement and these are static networks. Especially in biological systems, require mobile sensor nodes. These are known as mobile networks. An example of mobile network is animal monitoring. Deterministic and Nondeterministic Network In a deterministic WSN, the position of a sensor node is calculated and fixed. The pre-planned deployment of sensor nodes is possible in only a limited number of applications. Determining the position of sensor nodes is not possible due to several factors like harsh environment or hostile operating conditions. Such networks are nondeterministic and require a complex control system Single base station and multi base station network In a single base station WSN, only a single base station is used which is located close to the sensor node region. All the sensor nodes communicate with this base station, in case of a multi base station WSN, more than base station is used and a sensor node can transfer data to the closest base station Static Base Station & Mobile Base Station WSN A static base station has a fixed position usually close to the sensing region. A mobile base station moves around the sensing region so that the load of sensor nodes is balanced. Single-hop and Multi-hop WSN In a single-hop WSN, the sensor nodes are directly connected to the base station. In case of multi-hop WSN, peer nodes and cluster heads are used to relay the data so that energy consumption is reduced Self – Reconfigurable & Non – Self – Configurable WSN In most WSNs, the sensor nodes are capable of organizing and maintaining the connection and work collaboratively with other sensor nodes to accomplish the task. In a non – Self – Configurable WSN, the sensor networks cannot organize themselves in a network and cannot rely on a control unit to collect information. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous WSN
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In a homogeneous WSN, all the sensor nodes have similar energy consumption, computational power and storage capabilities. Homogeneous is a single network architecture & operating system.EG. ETHERNET LAN Hetero-genous is a connecting computers with different OS and protocols. hetero-genous WSN, some sensor nodes have higher computational power and energy. In homogenous sensor networks, all sensor nodes have the same property in terms of computation, communication, memory, energy level and reliability. In heterogeneous sensor networks, the nodes are of different capabilities in terms of computation, communication, memory, energy level and reliability.
If a sensor network is deployed via random distribution, the protocols will not be aware of the communication status between each nodes after deployment. Characteristics of wireless sensor networks The concept of wireless sensor networks implies a number of WSN characteristics which heavily influence the software architecture
- Fault tolerance
- Mobility of nodes
- Dynamic network topology
- Communication failures
- Heterogeneity of nodes
- Scalability
- Independency
- Programmability
- Utilization of sensors
- Impracticality of public key cryptosystems
- Lack of a prior knowledge of post-deployment configuration
- self organizing
- perform cooperative processing
- Energy efficiency
- modular.
- Fault tolerance: Each node in the network is prone to unanticipated failure.
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the radio transmission range. WSNs can consist of hundreds to thousands of sensors based on the area of deployment and the type of deployment. For high resolution of data, node density may vary from place to place. The type of protocol being used for data retrieval needs to be scalable and such that it maintains an adequate performance.
7. Independency: The WSN should have the capability to work without any centralcontrol point. 8. Programmability : The option for reprogramming or reconfiguring should beavailable for the WSN to become adaptive for any dynamic changes in thenetwork. 9. Utilization of sensors : The sensors should be utilized in a way that produces themaximum performance with less energy. 10. Impracticality of public key cryptosystem s: The limited computation and powerresources of sensor nodes often make it undesirable to use public key algorithms. 11. Lack of aprior knowledge of post-deployment configuration: If a sensornetwork is deployed via random distribution, the protocols will not be aware ofthe communication status between each nodes after deployment. 12.Self-Organization The large number of nodes in a WSN renders direct manipulation by a user for network organization impractical. A user could not go through thousands of nodes directing the network configuration and clustering. Subsequently, the nodes must be capable of organizing the network and partitioning it for efficient operation given the environment and network attributes. Additionally, the nodes of a sensor network must be robust. The aggregate formed by the nodes must have a high up time. The large number of nodes in a network along with unattended operation complicates any attempt at a fault tolerant design. Sensor networks with wired connections do not necessarily rely on other nodes to transmit data. This reduces the need for redundancy and the robustness of individual nodes. In contrast, wireless sensor network nodes transmit information from node to node with a small amount of processing in between .Consequently individual nodes must be highly robust, while the organization of the network must tolerate individual device failure. Variations in the network topology can affect the degree of network vulnerability to failures, necessitating complex routines to implement fault tolerance. 13.Concurrency, Cooperative Processing 1. The nodes in a network primarily direct information flow through the network to various datasinks – the points to which data from the network is fed. Each sensor node may posses a limited amount of memory, so the
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buffering of data is im-practical. Additionally, the node performs a number of simultaneous operations: capturing, processing, and transmitting sensor data, while simultaneously forwarding data from other nodes in multi-hop or bridging situations. WSNs also provide a unique opportunity for cooperative processing. Cooperative processing can reduce network traffic through data aggregation and pre processing. For example, theestablishment of a wireless network might involve the triangulation of a new node when it joins a network to establish the node‘s position.
- Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Wired sensor network have the luxury of external power sources such as power over Ethernet. The nodes of wireless networks have no practical way of utilizing an external energy source, which would in any case be contrary to the point of a WSN. A sensor network may also be distributed in hostile or remote environments. Energy efficiency dictates the minimization of communication between nodes. Therefore the choice of protocols and network configuration are key in terms of network lifespan. Protocol related energy savings are directly related to the physical, link, and network layers. Additional power savings come from an operation system (OS) for the nodes which supports advanced power management and lower power task scheduling. Power sensitive task scheduling can minimize power use though non linear battery effects. Advanced power management would put any hardware not in use to sleep, minimizing power consumption 15. Modularity Modularity Sensor nodes in a network tend to be specific, and therefore contain only the hardware needed for the application. The range of possible applications dictates a large variance in the hardware required for sensor nodes. Accordingly, the software for the nodes must exhibit a high degree of modularity
