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VISUAL ART (CST) COMP II - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
"value - CORRECT ANSWER The element that refers to the lightness or darkness of a color is"
"chiaroscuro - CORRECT ANSWER The Italian term that literally means light dark is"
"gesture - CORRECT ANSWER Lines that capture the movement of a figure that are quick,
energetic and fluid are"
"shading - CORRECT ANSWER Using different grays to create a more three-dimensional form
is called"
"contour - CORRECT ANSWER Lines that define the outer edges and the inner edges of a form
are"
"space - CORRECT ANSWER The areas of an artwork that are positive or negative or the depth
of an artwork is known as"
"organic - CORRECT ANSWER Shapes are often irregular, imperfect and are found in nature
rather than man-made are"
"color - CORRECT ANSWER The element of art that is created from reflected light is"
"texture - CORRECT ANSWER The tactile or visual quality of a surface is known as its"
"shape - CORRECT ANSWER An enclosed space having only two-dimensions is"
"form - CORRECT ANSWER An element that depicts enclosed volume such as cylinders,
spheres, and cubes is" "Asymmetrical, symmetrical, and radial are the three types of _________ used to create stability
in an artwork - CORRECT ANSWER balance"
"contrast - CORRECT ANSWER refers to differences in art elements"
"pattern - CORRECT ANSWER organizing elements in a recognizable or repetitive fashion is
called"
"emphasis - CORRECT ANSWER Using opposing size, shape, or color to attract attention to
areas of an artwork"
"rhythm - CORRECT ANSWER combining elements in a work of art to create movement using
progression, repetition, or alteration"
"unity - CORRECT ANSWER The successful combination of visual elements in an artwork
resulting in a feeling of wholeness is"
"three examples of warm colors are - CORRECT ANSWER yellow, red, and orange"
"three examples of cool colors are - CORRECT ANSWER green, blue, violet"
"analogous - CORRECT ANSWER colors that are similar and appear next to each other on the
color wheel are"
"the complement to yellow is - CORRECT ANSWER violet"
"the complement to blue is - CORRECT ANSWER orange"
"the primary colors are - CORRECT ANSWER red, yellow, and blue"
"two primary colors that mix together make - CORRECT ANSWER secondary colors"
"a color mixed with black is called - CORRECT ANSWER shade"
"a color mixed with white is a - CORRECT ANSWER tint"
"art that has a recognizable style, form, and subject matter is - CORRECT ANSWER realist"
"art that has no recognizable subject matter such as objects, trees, or figures is called_________.
The subject matter may be the color or the composition - CORRECT ANSWER non objective"
"What is a method of hand-building in clay that uses snakelike rolls of clay and smoothing over
the joints in the inside and outside of the pot? - CORRECT ANSWER coil"
"Any unfired clay work is called - CORRECT ANSWER Greenware"
"What is three-dimensional and encloses volume? - CORRECT ANSWER Form"
"What is the main principle of design that a kinetic sculpture contains? - CORRECT ANSWER
Movement" "The relationship between several objects or between parts of a single object or person is called
CORRECT ANSWER proportion"
"The pose of a figure that is facing and looking forward is called - CORRECT ANSWER frontal"
"realism is - CORRECT ANSWER subject matter shown as it appears in life without stylizations"
"What sculpture technique creates a neat and crisp fold when using cardboard, paper or metal?
CORRECT ANSWER scoing"
"What building was built around 447 - 432 BC by architects Kallikrates and Iktinos and is located
on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece? - CORRECT ANSWER Parthenon"
"Which artist was a twentieth century British sculptor whose large abstract sculptures are based
on the human form and forms from nature? - CORRECT ANSWER Henry Moore"
"What is the process of kneading and cutting raw clay and then forcibly throwing pieces down on
top of one another to obtain uniform texture, plasticity, and freedom from air bubbles? -
CORRECT ANSWER wedging"
"What is a sculpture that projects from a background to be seen only from the front and sides? -
CORRECT ANSWER relief"
"A sculpture made from different found objects and material is called - CORRECT ANSWER
assemblages"
"What is the supporting skeletal structure that prevents a sculpture from collapsing during
construction? - CORRECT ANSWER armature"
"What building was built around 72 - 80 in Rome, Italy? This structure was used for combat, naval
battles, and various competitions which entertained Roman citizens. - CORRECT ANSWER
Colosseum"
"What is the appropriate method for mixing plaster? - CORRECT ANSWER Sift dry plaster into
cool water until islands form on the surface"
"analysis - CORRECT ANSWER is the step in art criticism which means to break down a work of
art in order to discover relationships between elements of design."
"What is clay that has been fired once? - CORRECT ANSWER bisque"
"what is another word for color? - CORRECT ANSWER hue"
"the first thing of a clay object is called - CORRECT ANSWER bisque firing"
"what is a formal type of balance in which both sides of a design appear to be identical -
CORRECT ANSWER symmetrical or formal balance"
"A furnace for firing ceramic products is called - CORRECT ANSWER kiln"
"The area that surrounds, and sometimes passes through, a work of art is called - CORRECT
ANSWER space"
"During what period in art history did architects use flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, gargoyles, and stained glass? One example of architecture constructed during this time is the Notre Dame cathedral, which was begun in Paris, France in 1163 and took over 100 years to
complete. - CORRECT ANSWER gothic"
"What is a shape or form showing no movement or action - CORRECT ANSWER static"
"Blue-green, blue-violet, yellow-green, yellow-orange, red-orange, and red-violet are what
category of colors - CORRECT ANSWER tertiary"
"The stage at which clay has lost all moisture, is light colored and "dusty" feeling is - CORRECT
ANSWER bone dry"
"When one area of an artwork attracts more attention than the rest - CORRECT ANSWER
emphasis" "What is one of the greatest Hellenistic sculptures? It is the symbol of winged victory portrayed in
a stance of movement with air currents on the drapery of the figure. - CORRECT ANSWER Nike
of Samothrace"
"Which of the following is the correct order for a successful art critique? - CORRECT ANSWER
Description, analysis, interpretation, judgement" "What is art that is an expression in pure design form and shows no representation of natural or
human-made objects? - CORRECT ANSWER abstract"
"What period in art history was represented by the architectural site known as Stonehenge? -
CORRECT ANSWER prehistoric"
"This prehistoric sculpture has a bulbous figure that is thought to represent fertility and a plentiful
supply of food: - CORRECT ANSWER Venus of willendorf"
"What is a design principle that refers to differences in value, colors, and textures in order to
achieve emphasis? - CORRECT ANSWER Contrast"
"what was one of the most iconic statues of the Greek Hellenistic period - CORRECT ANSWER
Nike of Samothrace" "what culture from Africa began making cast bronze portraits and figure sculptures (with a head-
to-body proportion ratio of one to four) in the 15th century? - CORRECT ANSWER bernin"
"what is the style of the portrait of Queen Nefertiti? - CORRECT ANSWER Egyptian Amarna
Period" "who created a series of metal sculptures titled "Cubi", where the forms were stacked one on top
of the other. - CORRECT ANSWER David Smith"
"Archaic Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Period includes kouros stone figures and vase painting"
"Classical Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Peak of Greek art and architecture
-Idealized figures -Exemplify order and harmony"
"Hellenistic Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Greek-derived style
-Found in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt -More melodramatic than Classical style"
"Navaho Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Southwest tribe known for geometric-design rugs colored
with herbal and mineral dyes, especially carmine red. -Shamans created sand paintings to heal disease, promote fertility, or assure a successful hunt."
"Hopi Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Carved and painted kachina dolls out of cottonwood roots to
represent gods and teach religion -Also decorated ceremonial underground kivas in Arizona with elaborate mural paintings of agriculture deities"
"Kwakiutl Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Northwest coast tribe that produced totem poles, masks,
and decorated houses and canoes -Facial features of masks exaggerated in forceful wood carvings."
"Eskimo Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Alaskan tribe that carved masks with moving parts used by
shamans -Often combined odd materials in surprising ways"
"Mayan Art - CORRECT ANSWER -In Guatemala and Mexico, Mayans created enormous
temples in stepped-pyramid form -Huge limestone temples were richly carved with relief sculpture and hieroglyphics."
"Aztec Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Produced massive statues of gods who demanded regular
human sacrifices -Skilled in gold work"
"Incan Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Peruvian tribe known for precisely constructed masonry
temples and metallurgy"
Place: Chartres, France -Sculpture: Cathedral exteriors displayed carved Biblical tales, approached sculpture in the round, the body was viewed as the envelope of the soul so artists once again depicted flesh naturally -Stained glass and more natural looking sculpture -Tapestries: weavers created highly refined tapestries, minutely detailed w/ scenes of contemporary life. (Unicorn tapestries-symbolized the resurrected Christ)"
"High Renaissance - CORRECT ANSWER -Composition, ideal proportions, and perspective
-Da Vinci, Michelangelo, & Raphael -Architecture: used the same principals of harmonious geometry that underlay painting and sculpture, recovered the magnificence of ancient Rome (revived elements like the rounded arch, concrete construction, domed rotunda, portico, barrel vault, and column) Symmetry & regularity, ideals of order, simplicity, and harmonious proportions Depended on arithmetic to produce beauty and harmony, layouts relied on geometric shapes, especially the circle & square -Ideal beauty, simplified forms & measured proportions, religious and mythological scenes, figures were heroic male nudes, portraits were formal & reserved, fresco, tempera, & oil paintings, emphasis on underlying anatomical structure, theory was the basis, and composition was static & balanced"
"Renaissance - CORRECT ANSWER -Lifelike art, shift interest to the natural, better
understanding of anatomy & perspective, intent to reproduce the forms of nature realistically Art was the means to explore all facets of life on earth -Top 4 break throughs: oil on stretched canvas, use of perspective, the use of light & shadow (chiaroscuro), and pyramidal composition in paintings -Achieved new heights in portraiture, landscape, mythological & religious paintings -Theatrical art & architecture was of unprecedented grandeur and was designed to overwhelm the senses & emotions -Masaccio, Donatello, Botticelli"
"Mannerism - CORRECT ANSWER -paintings show figures that writhe and twist in unnecessary
contrapposto -bodies are distorted-generally elongated but sometime grossly muscular -colors are lurid-heightening the impression of tension, movement, and unreal lighting. -dissonance, emotion, & imagination -compositions were oblique, w/ a void in the center & figures crowded around-often cut off by the edge of the frame -means a work of art done according to an acquired style rather than depicting nature -Traits like a plunging diagonal perspective, using light for emotional effect"
"Rococo - CORRECT ANSWER -Primarily a form of interior decoration (decorative arts)
-Curviliniear, delicate ornementations (curlicues, flowers, shells, leaves, sinuous S and C curves, arabesques, ribbonlike scrolls) -Playful, superficial, alive with energy, decorative and nonfunctional, frilly -Gilded woodwork, painted panels, enormous wall mirrors -Used white, silver, gold, light pinks. blues and greens"
"Baroque - CORRECT ANSWER -A mix of the advanced techniques and grand scale of the
Renaissance and the emotion, intensity, and drama of Mannerism -Most sumptuous and ornate in the history of art -Expanded the role of art into everyday life -Styles ranged from Italian realism to French flamboyance -Most common element throughout was a sensitivity to and absolute mastery of light to achieve maximum emotional impact -Art featured vigorous movement and vivid colors, had a theatrical ,stage-lit exuberance and drama to it with an emphasis on emotion (featured theatrical lighting, curvilinear rhythms that lead the eye to the central figure, and contained a tragic theme that elicited a powerful emotional response) -Love of pomp (a show of magnificence) -In Catholic countries magnificent cathedrals and grand works displayed the faith's triumph after the Counter Reformation and to attract new worshipers by overwhelming them with theatrical, "must-see" architecture -In Protestant lands religious imagery was forbidden and paintings tended to be still lifes, portraits, landscapes, and scenes from daily life (In Dutch Baroque its style was realistic and its subject matter commonplace -Caravaggio, Artemisia Gentileschi, Bernini, Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hogarth, Velazquez, Poussin, Claude Architecture: St. Paul's Cathedral, Versailles -See chart on pg. 59"
"Mesopotamia - CORRECT ANSWER -Invented to a large extent architecture
-Ziggurat "Tower of Babel" -Predominant art form was bas-relief sculpture (often scenes of detailed military exploits and the king's personal courage during hunting expeditions)"
"Egypt - CORRECT ANSWER -Art had to do with immortality
-Colossal architecture and Egyptian art existed to surround the pharaoh's spirit with eternal glory -Wall paintings and hieroglyphics were a form of instant replay, inventorying the deceased's life and daily activities in minute detail.
-Emphasized drawing and line rather than color -Hallmark of Neoclassical style was severe, precisely drawn figures, which appeared in the foreground without the illusion of depth -Brushwork was smooth, compositions were simple, and backgrounds usually included Roman touches like arches or columns. Featured symmetry and straight lines -Figures were more naturalistic and solid, idealized beauty -Architecture: Clones of Greek and Roman temples -Values were order and solemnity, tone was calm and rational, role of art was to inspire and morally uplift -Sculpture: antique figures in an idealized, Classical style style -David, Ingres -American Neoclassicism: Sharply outlines, and lacking focal point. Battle scenes and portraits. Benjamin West, Copley, Stuart"
"Romanticism - CORRECT ANSWER -"Feeling is all" sums up Romantic art
-Chose emotion and intuition over rational objectivity -Revived interest in medieval tales-Romances -Gothic revival in architecture -Worship of nature (gave natural scenes heroic overtones) -Values were intuition, emotion and imagination, Colors were deep, rich shades, subjects were legends, exotica, nature and violence, genres were narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, and wild animals, compositions used diagonals, and techniques were quick brushstrokes, strong light- and-shad contrasts -Intense hues, vivid light/dark contrasts, and turbulent forms in broad brushstrokes -Gericault, Delacroix, Constable, Turner, Cole, Bingham, Bierstadt"
"Realism - CORRECT ANSWER -Insisted on precise imitation of visual perceptions without
alterations -Artists limited themselves to facts of the modern world as they personally experienced them; only what they could see or touch was considered real -Peasants and the urban working class were in -Brought a sense of muted sobriety to art -Images of nature were created from observation -"Painting is essentially a concrete art and must be applied to real and existing things" -Portraits captured the essence of the individual, were made to flatter the model -Courbet, Corot, Homer, Eakins, Sargent"
"Impressionism - CORRECT ANSWER -An artistic movement that sought to capture a
momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
-Represented immediate visual sensations through color and light -Main goal was to present an "impression" or the initial sensory perceptions recorded by an artist in a brief glimpse -Discovered that color is not an intrinsic, permanent characteristic of an object but changes constantly according to the effects of light, reflection, or weather on the objects surface -Short, choppy brushstrokes -Flickering light and color -No use of outlines, just touches of color to indicate form and volume -Brightly colored spots formed a mosaic of irregular daubs throbbing with energy (at close range, the daubs of pure color side by side looked unintelligible, at a distance, the eye fused separate streaks of blue and yellow into green making each hue seem more intense then if mixed on a palette) -Subjects were outdoors, seasides, Parisian streets and cafes, purpose was to portray immediate visual sensations of a scene -Composition seemed nonexistent, so overloaded was one side of the canvas, with figures chopped off by the picture frame -Portrayed a slice of contemporary life or a flash snapshot of nature -Manet, Monet, Renoir, Degas (see chart on pg. 97), Cassatt, Morisot, Pissarro"
"First Modern Sculptor - CORRECT ANSWER -Rodin
-Statue's show extreme naturalism -Emphasis on personal experience as the source of art -The body in motion was Rodin's means of expressing emotion -He portrayed psychological complexities and made sculpture a vehicle for personal expression"
"Post-Impressionism - CORRECT ANSWER -A late style that relies on the Impressionist use of
color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices -Rainbow bright color patches -Wanted art to be more substantial -Group was split into two: 1) Seurat (dot theory aka pointillism) & Cezanne (color planes) concentrated on formal, near scientific design 2) Gaugui, Van Gogh, & Lautrec emphasized expressing their emotions and sensations through color and light -See chart on pg. 113"
"Expressionism - CORRECT ANSWER -Munch
-Portrayed emotions through distorting form and color -Revival of graphic arts -Art should express the artist's feelings rather than images of the real world
-Boccioni"
"De Stijl - CORRECT ANSWER -Tried to eliminate emotion from art
-Means "The Style", in this movement artists and architects advocated a severe art of pure geometry -New style called Neo-Plasticism: The goal was to create a precise, mechanical order lacking in the natural world -Major contribution to art was its drive toward absolute abstraction, without any reference whatsoever to objects in nature"
"Modernist Architecture - CORRECT ANSWER -Streamlined designs that gave form to the
Machine Age by rejecting all historical ornament -Goal was high-tech, clean designs -Houses were seen as a machine for living -Style was glass and steel boxes -Favorite subject was geometry -Bauhaus School of Design -Gropius, Mies, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright"
"Dada - CORRECT ANSWER -Protested the madness of war
-Main strategy was to denounce and shock -Hoped to awaken the imagination -Art that was purely imaginary rather than merely "retinal" (interpreting the visual world) -"We declared that everything that comes into being or is made by man is art" -"To teach man what he had forgotten: to dream with his eyes open" -Contribution was to make art less an intellectual exercise and more a foray into the unpredictable -"What is art?. What isn't" -Duchamp ("Readymades" conceiving a work of art was more important than the finished work), Arp"
"Surrealism - CORRECT ANSWER -Grew out of Freudian free-association and dream analysis
-Experimented with automatism-a form of creating without conscious control to tap unconscious imagery -Implies going beyond realism, deliberately courted the bizarre and irrational to express buried truths unreachable by logic -Some artists ( Miro, Ernst) practiced improvised art-distancing themselves as much as possible from conscious control
-Others (Dali, Magritte) used scrupulously realistic techniques to present hallucinatory scenes that defy common sense -"
"Modern Photography - CORRECT ANSWER -Influenced photographers to express their
personal views of the world -Concentrated on taut compositions and pure form -Cartier-Bresson, Man Ray, Atget, Stieglitz, Weston, Lange"
"American Art - CORRECT ANSWER -American painters kept alive the realist tradition and
portrayed American life with utmost fidelity -Using ordinary people as their subjects, "art should be down to earth rotted in daily life" -Henri, Sloan, Bellows, Bearden -Style was realistic, sketchlike -Subjects were Urban grit and vigor -Art as activism: American scene-enshrined Midwest values as the essence of American character, took life on the plains as their subject, elevating its inhabitants to heroic stature, romanticized the can-do pioneer spirit in an attempt to inspire optimism in a time of despair (Wood, Benton, Curry) Social Realism-exalted the struggles of the working class, used art to highlight injustice and motivate reform, deeply committed to social change these painters attacked evils of capitalism in a semi-realistic style that exaggerated features, color and scale for emotional impact (Shahn, Marsh, Lawrence, Rivera) Both portrayed simple folk and tried to stir up either pride or protest during a decade of national trouble"
"Figural Expressionism - CORRECT ANSWER -Art must express a truth beyond surface
appearance -Dubuffet, Bacon, Kahlo, -Outsider art-work outside the mainstream of professional art, is produced by self taught, inwardly driven artists, encompasses work bu the insane and criminals as well as by unschooled artists, using whatever means and materials were at hand -L'Art Brut- means raw or crude art. Term created by Dubuffet"
"Postwar Sculpture - CORRECT ANSWER -Worked with new materials like scrap metal, new
techniques like welding, and new forms like assemblage and mobiles -Abstraction was their dominant mode, but experimentation as the chief feature of their art -Moore, Calder, Smith, Bourgeois, Nevelson"
"Conceptual Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Pared the idea of a hand-wrought art object to ground
zero, where art existed in the mind more than on canvas -Art resides in the core concept not the practical work -Eliminated the art object altogether, the idea itself even if not made visual is as much a work of art as any finished product -Anything that is neither painting nor sculpture which emphasizes the artist's thinking not his manipulation of materials, any action or thought can be considered Conceptual Art -Idea rather than the art object is paramount -Holzer, Haacke -Made up of Process Art (the process of creating art was more important than the finished piece), Environmental Art, Performance Art (a staged event involving the artist talking, singing, or dancing. Requires artists to use their bodies in front of an audience), Installations (Although the objects seem unrelated the viewer is intended to enter the environment ignorant and emerge enlightened about some pressing social theme the artist has revealed) -Critiques the art market, often relies on words more than images to communicate ideas, attacks the tradition of valuing art objects as precious commodities"
"Neo-Expressionism - CORRECT ANSWER -Returned figure painting and recognizable images
to the mainstream -Infused their intense emotional canvases with autobiographical and social concerns -Revived the angular distortions and strong emotional content of German Expressionism -Brought back recognizable content, historical reference, subjectivity, and social comment -Resurrected imagery, the easel painting, carved or cast sculpture, and the violent, personalized brushstroke -Kiefer, Clemente, Baselitz, Basquiat"
"Post Modern - CORRECT ANSWER -Everything was up for grabs-Allowable forms, materials,
media, and content were expanded to such a degree that nothing seemed off limits and artists grappled with the challenge of being truly original rather than merely novel -Political -Alternative art forms like performance art and hybrid genres like photo-derived art -Artists began to appropriate images from diverse sources that drew on art history and mythology as well as the mass media, combined preexisting images with their own or presented the appropriated images as their own -Appropriation Artists sought to annex both the power of the original image and reveal its manipulative force as propaganda -Kruger, Longo, Sherman -Photography-derived art-one form of Appropriation Art uses photographic images in unexpected combinations to re-interpret history and comment on socio-political issues. Relying
on mechanical reproduction rather than handmade imagery, this new hybrid at form fragments, layers, and juxtaposes photographed images to change their context and meaning -Narrative Art-Rebirth of the painting as an accessible form of storytelling (Fischl) -Graffiti Art -Political Art-Words are often as important as images, much purely visual art has an overtly feminist slant -Sculpture-The use of a wide range of materials, semiabstract, figurative art"
"Pre-Pop Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Rauschenberg, Johns
-Merged Dada's radical questioning of accepted practice with an energetic, Abstract Expressionist brushstroke and Surrealist faith in accident -Johns-art is intentionally oblique, cool, and detached yet open to multiple interpretations, chose familiar 2D objects then gave a new identity to these objects which are routinely seen but "not looked at, not examined" -Rauschenberg-invented a hybrid form of art half-painting and half sculpture called "combines", attached eccentric materials into his expressionistically painted canvases, wanted the image to still have the feeling of the outside world rather than cultivate the incest of studio life"
"Contemporary Architecture - CORRECT ANSWER -Used curvilinear, complex shapes,
resurrected color, ornament, and historical touches like the dome, arch, and vault -Johnson, Beaubourg, Graves, Gehry, Venturi"
"Contemporary Photography - CORRECT ANSWER -The Camera expressed feelings and
manipulated reality to create fantasies and symbols -The most important trait is diversity -Abbott, Bourke, Adams, Uelsmann -Street Photography-called "snapshot aesthetic", professionals deliberately framed casual unposed photos resembling amateur efforts in order to banish traces of artifice, documented the "social landscape" of cities -Tendency to combine images with text"
"Photo-Realism - CORRECT ANSWER -Aka Hyper-Realism-reproduced photographs into
paintings -Adopts the flattened effect of a camera image and treats objects as elements in an abstract composition -Close, Estes, Flack"
"Video and New Media Art - CORRECT ANSWER -Around 1995 video art started
-Combined computer-generated images, digital video, film, animation, text, sound, and special effects often in ambient environments that engulfed the viewer
