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Animal Nutrition: Energy Production, Storage, and Balanced Diets, Slides of Biology

Central University of KeralaBiology

Various aspects of animal nutrition, focusing on energy production, storage, and the importance of a balanced diet. Topics include the role of leptin in appetite regulation, energy budgets, glycogen storage, and essential amino acids in vegetarian diets. Additionally, it discusses the impact of diet on herbivores and carnivores, with adaptations such as teeth and digestive systems.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/30/2013

maalolan
maalolan 🇮🇳

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Animal Nutrition
Variations, Adaptations & Regulation
This obese mouse (L) has defect in gene which
normally produces leptin, an appetite-regulating
protein.
Many herbivores have diets deficient in mineral salts.
Must find other sources = salt licks, chewing on bones
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Animal Nutrition

Variations, Adaptations & Regulation

This obese mouse (L) has defect in gene which normally produces leptin, an appetite-regulating protein.

Many herbivores have diets deficient in mineral salts. Must find other sources = salt licks, chewing on bones Docsity.com

Energy budget

food

intake

 basal (resting) metabolism  temperature regulation  activity

 repair  growth  reproduction

ATP

production {

synthesis

 glycogen

storage {  fat

Balancing calorie needs with intake

  • When fewer calories are taken in than are

expended, fuel is taken out of storage

deposits & oxidized (digested)

  • breakdown (digest) glycogen

from liver & muscle cells

  • metabolize (digest) fat Just do it^!

Vegetarian diets

  • Need to make sure you get enough protein
    • 20 amino acids to make protein
      • humans can synthesize 12 of the amino acids
      • 8 have to be eaten = “essential amino acids”
    • Grains (like corn) have 6 (missing 2)
    • Beans (like soybean & red beans) have 6 (missing different 2)
      • mix beans & grains for complete group of amino acids - rice & beans - taco/tortilla & beans - tofu & rice - peanut butter & bread

What no fish!

Digesting cellulose

  • How well you digest cellulose governs life

strategy of herbivores

bond between the sugars governs digestibility

starch
cellulose

Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat supplemental sugars

Gorilla can NOT digest cellulose well; must supplement with sugar source, like fruit

Teeth

  • Carnivore
    • sharp ripping teeth
    • “canines”
  • Herbivore
    • wide grinding

teeth

  • molars
  • Omnivore
  • both kinds of teeth

Length of digestive system

  • Carnivores
    • short digestive system - protein easier to digest than cellulose
  • Herbivores &
omnivores
  • long digestive system - more time to digest cellulose - symbiotic bacteria in gut

liver

pancreas

liver

Regulation of Blood Sugar

blood glucose level (90 mg/100 mL blood)

insulin body cells take up glucose from blood

liver stores glucose as glycogen

reduces appetite

glucagon

pancreas

liver releases glucose

triggers hunger

high

low

Feedback: Maintaining Homeostasis

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Managing glucose levels

  • Mammals regulate use & storage of glucose
    • insulin reduces blood glucose levels
      • glucose levels rise above set point, pancreas secretes insulin
      • promotes transport of glucose into cells & storage of glucose (as glycogen) in liver & muscle cells
      • drops blood glucose levels
    • glucagon increases blood glucose levels
      • when glucose levels drop below set point, pancreas secretes glucagon
      • promotes breakdown of glycogen & release of glucose into the blood
      • raises blood glucose levels (^) Whoa! Didn’t realize I was so busy! Docsity.com

Don’t be shy…

Any Questions??

Maintaining Water Balance

  • Low blood osmolarity level
or low blood pressure

Low solutes

renin activates angiotensinogen

angiotensin triggers aldosterone

aldosterone increases absorption of NaCl & H 2 O in kidney

Oooh… zymogen !

Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system

fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals

A A V

V V (^) V V

A A A A A

V

2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

heart structure & increasing body size