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US HISTORY 1 CLEP EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
“The Line of Demarcation - CORRECT ANSWER The line by the Pope to dived the world in
half. Giving one half to Spain and the other the Portugal. The Spanish convinced to Pope to do this because both countries wanted to colonize but Portugal was the super power of the sea."
"Anne Bradstreet - CORRECT ANSWER The first published american poet"
"Phillis Wheatley - CORRECT ANSWER The first African American poet to be published."
"Virginia House of Burgesses - CORRECT ANSWER The first lawmaking body in the English
colonies"
"Massachusetts General Court - CORRECT ANSWER Passed the first set of laws in the English
colonies."
"King Philip's War - CORRECT ANSWER A conflict between New England colonists and
Native American Groups allied under leadership Wampanoag cheif Metacom, known to the colonists as King Philip."
"Royal Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER Colonies that were under the direct control of the
English crown"
"Proprietary Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER Colonies owned by persons who had been given a
royal charter to own the land"
"Charter Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER Colonies based on a grant of land by the British
Crown to a company or a group of settlers"
"Mercantilism - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that a country should sell more goods to
other countries than it buys"
"Salutary Neglect - CORRECT ANSWER An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its
colonies"
"The Stamp Act - CORRECT ANSWER A tax, passed in March 22,1765; on documents and
printed items such as wills, newspapers, and cards."
"Declaratory Act - CORRECT ANSWER Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp
Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases."
"The Intolerable Acts - CORRECT ANSWER A series of laws passed 1774 by British Parliament
to punish the people of Boston following the Boston Tea Party"
"The Quartering Act - CORRECT ANSWER March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide
food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies."
"The Townshend Acts - CORRECT ANSWER Laws passed in 1767 that taxed imported goods
such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea"
"The Homestead Act - CORRECT ANSWER Passed in 1862 - The law offered 160 acres of land
free for anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years- only $10 fee"
"The Kansas-Nebraska Act - CORRECT ANSWER It would create 2 new territories to allow
the government to build a railroad. It split Nebraska into the territories of Nebraska and Kansas and allowed for popular sovereignty there, thus nullifying the Missouri Compromise."
"Benjamin Rush - CORRECT ANSWER Patriot and doctor; signer of the Declaration of
Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution. He was the first to diagnose insanity as an illness and wrote curriculum for course in psychiatry."
"Tenure of Office Act - CORRECT ANSWER Required the president to secure consent of the
Senate before removing appointees once they had been approved"
"Copperheads - CORRECT ANSWER This was a group Northern Democrats who wanted
Lincoln to negotiate peace with the South. They were so named because they identified themselves by showing the head of the copper penny."
"Horace Mann - CORRECT ANSWER Campaigned for public schools"
"Sojourner Truth - CORRECT ANSWER A former slave and a abolitionist speaker"
"Walt Whitmen - CORRECT ANSWER Considered the quintessential American "common
man""
"James Fenimore Cooper - CORRECT ANSWER The first American novelist to use American
themes"
"Romanticism - CORRECT ANSWER A movement in literature and art during the late 18th
and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization"
"What passed the first set of laws in the English colonies? - CORRECT ANSWER
Massachusetts General Court"
"which of the following were native to North America before Columbus arrived? - CORRECT
ANSWER maize and squash"
"Which of the following reasons best explains the argument in the proclamation for Mexico's
resisting the annexation of Texas by the United States? - CORRECT ANSWER The United
States was setting a dangerous precedent in disregarding the sovereignty of other nations"
"Herrera saw Mexico as a victim of aggression primarily because - CORRECT ANSWER while
Mexico abided by all treaties, the United States did not" "The United States Supreme Court made which of the following rulings in Dred Scott v. Sandford?
- CORRECT ANSWER African Americans were not citizens of the United States"
Which of the following were native to North America before Columbus arrived? - CORRECT
ANSWER maize and squash"
"During the Age of Exploration most super power countries in Europe searched for gold and silver
in the Americas and what from Asia? - CORRECT ANSWER silk and spices"
"Which of the following is true of White women in the British North American colonies? -
CORRECT ANSWER They were restricted in holding property and making legal contracts
after marriage." "Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Great Awakening in the American colonies
during the mid-eighteenth century? - CORRECT ANSWER Heightened interest in the
supernatural caused the renewed persecution of people for witchcraft" "In the early seventeenth century, colonists in the Chesapeake Bay area exported which of the
following to England? - CORRECT ANSWER Tobacco"
"Seventeenth-century Puritans and Quakers differed primarily over the - CORRECT
ANSWER notion of predestination"
"Which of the following best describes the American Colonization Society? - CORRECT
ANSWER It promoted the settling of free African Americans from the United States to Africa"
"Anne Hutchinson and her followers were banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because
- CORRECT ANSWER Hutchinson's religious views led to her excommunication from the Puritan church"
"Why was it possible for England to establish successful colonies by 1700s? - CORRECT
ANSWER Because they had crucial advantages over European rivals"
"American Mercantilism in the mid-seventeenth century was the idea of the... - CORRECT
ANSWER British"
The Declaration of Independence
The author of the passage above was influenced by the writings of - CORRECT ANSWER John
Locke's Second Treatise on Government"
"Which of the following is NOT part of the Treaty of Paris of 1783: - CORRECT ANSWER
France would provide aid to the United States to form a government"
"Before it was called the US Constitution, the original name of the document was known as -
CORRECT ANSWER Articles of Confederation"
"Why did Congress feel that the Articles of Confederation was a weak document? - CORRECT
ANSWER Because it did not illustrate federal powers but more state sovereignty"
"The present King of Great Britain... has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws. The "constitution" referred to in the quotation above from the Declaration of Independence was
CORRECT ANSWER the principles the colonists believed had traditionally regulated British
government" "The present King of Great Britain... has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws. The protest that the king had "combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our
constitution" referred to George III's - CORRECT ANSWER approval of parliamentary laws
impinging on colonial self-government"
"The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States? - CORRECT
ANSWER It severely damaged American shipping."
"What was the main authorization of the Jacksonian Indian Policy? - CORRECT ANSWER
The relocation of eastern Indians to federal lands west of Mississippi River" "The diverse coalition making up the Whigs Party was clustered around the National Republican
Party of - CORRECT ANSWER John Quincy Adams"
"Between the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the outbreak of the Civil War (1861), the most
important aspect of United States foreign policy was - CORRECT ANSWER expanding the
nation's boundaries"
"The presidential election of 1840 is often considered the first "modern" election because -
CORRECT ANSWER for the first time, both parties widely campaigned among all the eligible
voters"
"The 1848 women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, was a protest against -
CORRECT ANSWER customs and laws that gave women a status inferior to that of men"
"The Great Famine of Ireland in the 1840s affected the United States in which of the following
ways? - CORRECT ANSWER It led to a massive wave of Irish immigrants to the United States"
"The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following EXCEPT the belief that - CORRECT
ANSWER commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base"
"The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following: - CORRECT ANSWER the use of
land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial the Creator selected America as a chosen land populated by a chosen people the ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean"
"Which of the following groups was most likely to adopt the Free Soil ideology? - CORRECT
ANSWER Western frontier settlers"
"Which of the following was opposed by both the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party in the
mid-nineteenth century? - CORRECT ANSWER Extension of slavery into the territories"
"Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the map above, which shows cotton
production in 1860 in the US? - CORRECT ANSWER There was a correlation between the
importance of cotton and the use of slave labor in the Southern economy." "Why did the railroad system become more famous than others during the transportation
revolution? - CORRECT ANSWER Because of its speed, capacity, and reliability"
"The Compromise of 1850 outraged abolitionists because one of the following was included at the
time - CORRECT ANSWER The Fugitive Slave Act"
"This party supported and demanded the exclusion of immigrants and Catholics from public
office: - CORRECT ANSWER The Know Nothing Party"
"Which of the following had the greatest impact on the institution of slavery in the United States
in the first quarter of the nineteenth century? - CORRECT ANSWER Expanded use of the
cotton gin"
"In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Supreme Court decided that - CORRECT ANSWER
enslaved people could not be freed by virtue of their residence in a free state"
"Which of the following is true of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? - CORRECT ANSWER Many
Northerners opposed it."
"The "putting-out system" that emerged in antebellum America refers to the - CORRECT
ANSWER production of finished goods in individual households"
"Which of the following was a major focus of antebellum reform? - CORRECT ANSWER
Prison reform" "Which of the following statements best describes women's involvement in reform movements of
the antebellum period? - CORRECT ANSWER Many women argued that their roles as
mothers and wives gave them a unique understanding of the nature of and solutions to social ills" "Which of the following was directly involved in helping slaves escape via the Underground
Railroad? - CORRECT ANSWER Harriet Tubman"
"Which of the following was acknowledged as a clear advantage held by the Union over the
Confederacy during the U.S Civil War? - CORRECT ANSWER An industrial capacity that
allowed the Union to produce most of what it needed for the war"
"Spanish colonization of new world was characterized by: - CORRECT ANSWER exploitation
of indians, establishing african slavery, introduction of the horse to america, and the creation of large agriculture plantations"
"Puritans - CORRECT ANSWER sought to create perfect religions utopia. Came to the new
world to escape persecution. Were not pacifists, did not approve of the pilgrims, or catholics."
"King Philips War - CORRECT ANSWER Wampanoag Indians organized by King Philip to
destroy New England settlements, Puritans counterattacked and won - ended indian resistance to white settlement"
"A series of wars between England and France for control of North America - CORRECT
ANSWER King Williams War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War and the Seven Years War -
French were defeated"
"James Otis - CORRECT ANSWER earned his fame for the Writs of Assistance."
"John C Calhoun - CORRECT ANSWER leader in the states right movement"
"Henry Clay & Daniel Webster - CORRECT ANSWER supporters of the union - against
secession"
"The Compromise of 1850 - CORRECT ANSWER California admitted free; stricter fugitive
slave law; slave trade forbid in D.C.; New Mexico admitted by popular sovereignty"
"The Missouri Compromise - CORRECT ANSWER Engineered by Henry Clay To balance the
number of "slave states" and "free states," Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. Prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30'"
"The Battle of Saratoga - CORRECT ANSWER America victory that prompted the French to
form an alliance against england."
"Maryland - CORRECT ANSWER purchased by Catholic Lord Baltimore to be a refuge for
persecuted Catholics"
"Mercantilism - CORRECT ANSWER Export more than import. Encouraged Americans to
provide raw materials to England and purchase manufactured goods. Americans were to engage in exclusive trade with England."
"Virginia - CORRECT ANSWER founded as a joint stock colony - became a Royal Colony"
"The Jay Treaty - CORRECT ANSWER attempted to settle conflict with Britian at sea, and
curtail their agitation of indians on western borders. provided for the evacuation of English troops from their posts along the Great Lakes. Was not supported because english refused to stop the impressment of American sailors"
"The Election of 1800 - CORRECT ANSWER Jefferson & Burr Tied - the house cast votes to
decide - Jefferson elected"
"The Burr Conspiracy - CORRECT ANSWER Burrs scheme to create a new nation of the
Southern Territory of the US"
"The Treaty of Ghent - CORRECT ANSWER ended the war of 1812 - restored territory taken
during the war"
"The Monroe Doctrine - CORRECT ANSWER President James Monroe's 3 principles on
foreign police. Pledged that America would remain free of European wars and any future colonization. Established the areas of North & South America as an American sphere of influence. Supported by England to prevent war."
"Dred Scott - CORRECT ANSWER 1859 Roger taney's decision on slavery - stated the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional"
"Andrew Jackson - CORRECT ANSWER 7th president, strong term, Vetoed the Second Bank,
"kitchen cabinet", created the spoils system."
"Nicholas Biddle - CORRECT ANSWER The Second Bank"
"The Gadsden Purchase - CORRECT ANSWER purchase of the land south of the Gila river
purchased by Jefferson Davis so that the transcontinental railroad could pass through the south"
"When it formed in the 1850s, the Republican Party platform included: - CORRECT ANSWER
support of national unity and free labor"
"The Trent Affair - CORRECT ANSWER 1861. Almost provoked hostilities between Union and
England during the civil war."
"The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - CORRECT ANSWER established Mexican recognition of
the acquisition and the souther boundary at the Rio Grande River - ended Mexican War"
small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president." "incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France
in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues - CORRECT ANSWER the
XYZ affair"
"Tariff of Abominations 1828 - CORRECT ANSWER Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that
favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. Led to Nullification Crisis"
"belief that the Constitution cannot be changed and is what it is - CORRECT ANSWER Strict
construction"
"3rd President and advocate of states rights - CORRECT ANSWER Thomas Jefferson"
"The 9th President (1st Whig) died in office of Pneumonia - CORRECT ANSWER William
Henry Harrison" "The most famous Methodist traveling frontier preacher. He traveled around the country
preaching to large groups. - CORRECT ANSWER Peter Cartwright"
"Royal African company - CORRECT ANSWER A trading company chartered by the English
government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. - transported slaves"
"Tecumseh - CORRECT ANSWER A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother,
Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813."
"Embargo Act 1807 - CORRECT ANSWER This act issued by Jefferson forbade American
trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act."
"Samuel Adams - CORRECT ANSWER American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder
of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence"
"Massachusetts Bay Colony - CORRECT ANSWER 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a
right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government"
"John Peter Zenger Trial 1735 - CORRECT ANSWER Man was accused of overstepping
freedom of speech and press by printing bad things bout the royal governor of NY - found not guilty, sent precedent for freedom of the press - Encouraged editors to be more critical of public officials."
"Baron von Steuben - CORRECT ANSWER A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American
soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British."
"Indian Removal Act - CORRECT ANSWER (1830) a congressional act signed by Andrew
Jackson that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River"
"Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 - CORRECT ANSWER 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as
states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. By allowing slavery above 36°30', it repealed the Missouri Compromise"
"Alien & Sedition Acts 1797-1798 - CORRECT ANSWER President Adams - A series of laws that
sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies. Increased residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. President was granted broad powers to remove "undesirable" aliens and laws were established for large monetary fines and prison sentences for anyone who attached the American government."
"Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - CORRECT ANSWER Written anonymously by Jefferson
and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional."
"Townshend Acts - CORRECT ANSWER passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on
imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and the boycott of British goods."
"Neutrality Proclamation 1793 - CORRECT ANSWER a 1793 statement by President
Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict"
"McCulloch vs. Maryland - CORRECT ANSWER 1819 Court ruled that congress did have
authority to charter bank, citing the necessary and proper clause; States couldn't tax government property"
"Marbury vs. Madison - CORRECT ANSWER Case in which the supreme court first asserted
the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional"
"Morrill Tariff Act - CORRECT ANSWER 1861 This was an act passed by Congress in 1861 to
meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war."
"National Banking Act - CORRECT ANSWER 1863 - Established system of national charters
for banks"
"Conscription Act - CORRECT ANSWER Enacted in April of 1862, it subjected all white males
between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five to military service for three years. It was repealed in 1863."
"Turnpikes - CORRECT ANSWER important means of transportation in the 1790s"
"Eerie Canal - CORRECT ANSWER Completed in 1825. Increased profitableness of farming in
the old Northwest, encouraged the emigration of European immigrants and New England farmers to the Northwest, forced many New Englanders to either abandon their farms or to switch to dairy, fruit, & vegetable farming, weakened political alliance between the farmers in the NW and planters in the south."
"Treaty of Paris of 1783 - CORRECT ANSWER A peace agreement that officially ended the
Revolutionary War and established British recognition of the independence of the United States. Boundaries of the US were Canada, Florida, and the Mississippi River."
"The Freeport Doctrine - CORRECT ANSWER Stephen Douglas's belief that the issue of
slavery in the western territories should be determined by popular sovereignty."
"Manifest Destiny, American Exceptionalism, Social Darwinism - CORRECT ANSWER All
tied together to the belief that Americans were Gods chosen people, were superior, and therefore would dominate other inferior cultures and peoples. American Imperialism"
"The French and Indian War - CORRECT ANSWER 1754 - 1763. The culmination of a series of
wars between France and England. Spain gained control of Louisiana. The myth of British
invincibility was shattered. The French were eliminated from the American colonial frontier. The colonists began thinking of themselves as Americans rather than British."
"The Revolutionary War took place in: - CORRECT ANSWER 1775 until 1783. The
Revolutionary War began with the confrontation between British troops and local militia at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775."
"The Judiciary Act of 1789 - CORRECT ANSWER Provided for a six-judge Supreme Court, 13
district courts, 3 circuit courts and the office of the attorney general. It gave the Supreme Court the power to review state laws that conflicted with federal statuses"
"John Brown - CORRECT ANSWER Well-known abolitionist. used violence to stop slavery
immediately, Harpers Ferry, VA he was tried, convicted of treason and hung."
"The Secret Six - CORRECT ANSWER a group of New York millionaires who provided the
financial backing for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859"
"Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction - CORRECT ANSWER Former Confederate states could
resume their part in the Union after 10% of voters as of 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the US Constitution, also had to agree to abolish slavery, educate the ex-slaves, establish republican state governments. Opposed by radical republicans"
"Wade-Davis Act of 1864 - CORRECT ANSWER Radical Republicans openly broke from
Lincoln's reconstruction plans and sought to treat the south as a conquered territory under military rule. Demanded 50% pledge loyalty to the union. Lincoln vetoed the act."
"Yorktown - CORRECT ANSWER 1781; last battle of the revolution; British surrendered to
Washington"
"Wilmot Proviso - CORRECT ANSWER 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory
gained from the War with Mexico"
"The Louisiana Purchase - CORRECT ANSWER The US purchased Louisiana from France for
$15 million, Jefferson expanded the powers of the presidency, The US doubled in size, the treaty of cession left some boundaries vague."
"Texas - CORRECT ANSWER Texas won independence from Mexico in 1846 through
rebellion."
"The First Bank of the United States - CORRECT ANSWER Joint private-public enterprise.
Stock was owned by both federal and private individuals in addition to its directors."
"The Great Compromise - CORRECT ANSWER authored by Roger Sherman - allowed the
production of the US Constitution. 2 houses, House of Representatives would be based on population, the senate would have 2 representatives from each state"
"The Constitution was Ratified in: - CORRECT ANSWER 1789"
"The First Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on free speech, assembly religion, and
the right to petition(1791)"
"The Second Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER This amendment protects the right to keep
and bear arms. (1791)"
"The Third Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER deals with illegal quartering of soldiers in
private homes (1791)"
"The Fourth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER This amendment protects against
unreasonable searches and seizures. (Warrant with proof is needed.) (1791)"
"The Fifth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER Protects the rights of the accused, including
required indictments, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process and just compensation (1791)"
"The Sixth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER guarantees right to speedy and public trial, the
confrontation by witnesses, and the right to call one's own witnesses (1791)"
"The Seventh Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER Guarantees a jury trial (1791)"
"The Eighth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER Protects against excessive bail and cruel and
unusual punishment (1791)"
"The Ninth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER States that all rights not enumerated are
nonetheless retained by the people (1791)"
"The Tenth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER States that all powers not specifically
delegated to the federal government are retained by the states"
"The Eleventh Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER States may not be sued by individuals
"The Twelfth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER required the electoral college to vote
separately for president and vice president 1894"
"The Thirteenth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER abolished slavery entirely in 1865"
"The Fourteenth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER Extended citizenship to all persons;
made Confederate debt void and Confederate leaders ineligible for public office; states which denied voting rights to blacks would have their representation in Congress reduced; conferred "dual" citizenship on all citizens - 1868"
"The Fifteenth Amendment - CORRECT ANSWER Extended voting rights to blacks 1870"
"The Proclamation of 1763 - CORRECT ANSWER The proclamation of 1763 ordered the
ending of settlement west of the peaks of the Appalachians because of increasing problems with the Indians."
"Sugar Act 1764 - CORRECT ANSWER Forbade trade with the non-English West Indies and
required trials for those breaking the law to be held in Admiralty Courts which had no juries."
"The Middle Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
Delaware"
"New England Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,
and Rhode Island"
"The Southern Colonies - CORRECT ANSWER Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
Virginia, and Maryland"
"Credit Mobilier Scandal - CORRECT ANSWER 1872 illegal manipulation of contracts by a
construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad (during Grant's presidency)"
"The Hartford Convention - CORRECT ANSWER Hartford Resolutions: Demanded a series of
amendments by the federalists. 1.constitutional amendment which would restrict the president to a single term and would prohibit successive presidents from the same state 2. Omit slaves from the census used to apportion representation at congress 3. require 2/3 vote of congress to declare ware"
"The Doctrine of Nullification - CORRECT ANSWER Supported heavily by Calhoun that
stated a state had the right to overrule, or nullify, federal legislation. This could protect the minority against the tyranny of the majority"
