Download Understanding the Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Global Prosperity and more Exams Entrepreneurship in PDF only on Docsity!
Transformative Entrepreneurship Purpose: The module is an attempt to decentre US-centricity in social enterprise teaching by emphasizing literature/theories/cases by scholars from the Global South (even if at Western institutions), women, feminist approaches, and designing for community/societal change over markets/products/services. Module overview We find ourselves at a formative moment wherein growth-based financial models and inequality are driving new forms of conflict, dislocation and ecological damage, challenging the veracity of our economic and political systems. These necessitate a bold re-thinking of the relationship between economic activity and global prosperity, as well as new forms of social, political and economic innovation to effect alternative pathways for a prosperous global future. They also require confronting the tension that market actors, seeking to address social and environmental problems through market ‘solutions,’ are often embedded in economic systems that create those problems. Through interactive seminars, readings, speakers and cases, Transformative Entrepreneurship is designed to introduce the core concepts, frameworks and theories of transformative entrepreneurship. As part of this module, you will: learn about the emergence and forms of social entrepreneurship; understand entrepreneurship as an institution, intervention, policy and practice; study concepts and theories relevant for analysing the transformative potential of entrepreneurship; explore the promise and limits of transformative entrepreneurship to provoke institutional and structural change in different settings including extreme and diverse global contexts; and how to evaluate the potential of transformative entrepreneurship to advance more equitable, inclusive societies and address global challenges. Learning outcomes Students will:
- Understand foundational ideas, emergent thinking and theories of transformative entrepreneurship and prosperity;
- Gain a critical understanding of transformative entrepreneurship as a policy, practice, institution and intervention;
- Learn how to analyse cases of transformative entrepreneurship, in their social, cultural, economic and political contexts;
- Draw on diverse knowledge and inclusive ideas to develop their own account of transformative entrepreneurship. Module Structure The module begins by questioning the role of transformative entrepreneurship in the context of global prosperity. The remainder of the course investigates the following topics: concepts and definitions of transformative (social) entrepreneurship; understanding entrepreneurship as practice, policy, intervention and institution; rethinking innovation and prosperity; social entrepreneurship metaphors, motivations and tensions; different theories through which to understand transformative entrepreneurship (agency and institutional change, community-based enterprise, and effectuation); transformative entrepreneurship in extreme contexts; and the limits of transformative enterprise. Students will be challenged throughout to think critically about the possibilities and limitations of transformative entrepreneurship to engender social, political, economic and environmental change. They will write two short reflection pieces and submit a 2000- word literature review, both of which are intended to support other learning activities carried out during the MSc (see assessments section below).
Topics The module is taught through ten learning topics comprising of a range of introductory materials (short films, readings, interactive tasks) followed by one 1- 2 - hour live class per week and a range of advanced or extension material. Topic format will vary from week to week but will generally comprise (1) Introduction and framing of the weekly theme; (2) More advanced concepts and reading; (3) an interactive task; (4) live class addressing core questions and sharing of learning (5) advanced extension tasks and readings. Students are expected to complete the pre-set learning tasks prior to the commencement of the live class and to come ready to discuss key topics and issues arising from the advanced readings/films. The module comprises the following learning topics: Topic 1: Transformative entrepreneurship, prosperity, global challenges – SA/MD ( 5 October) Topic 2: Introduction: concepts, definitions, emergence, forms – SA ( 12 October) Topic 3: Entrepreneurship: practice, policy, intervention or institution? – SA (1 9 October) Topic 4: Rethinking innovation and prosperity – KM/MD (2 6 October) Topic 5: Social entrepreneurs: metaphors, motivations, tensions – SA ( 2 November) Reading week Topic 6: Agency and institutional change – SA (1 6 November) Topic 7: Community-based enterprise – SA ( 23 November) Topic 8: Effectuation – SA ( 30 November) Topic 9: Extreme contexts and the limits of transformative enterprise – SA ( 7 December) Topic 10: Understanding value, measuring impact – SA (1 4 December)
Core Bibliography Abdelnour, S. (2011). Forging Through Adversity: The Blacksmiths of North Darfur and Practical Action. Growing Inclusive Markets Initiative of the UNDP, New York: UNDP. Abdelnour, S., Hasselbladh, H., & Kallinikos, J. (2017). Agency and Institutions in Organization Studies. Organization Studies, 38(12), 1775–1792. Akemu, O., Whiteman, G. & Kennedy, S. (2016). Social enterprise emergence from social movement activism: The Fairphone Case. Journal of Management Studies 53(1): 89-124. Alvi, F.H., Prasad, A. & Segarra, P. (2017). The political embeddedness of entrepreneurship in extreme contexts: The case of the West Bank. Journal of Business Ethics. Bagnoli, L. & Megali, C. (2011). Measuring performance in social enterprises. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40, 149-165. Blake, M. K., & Hanson, S. (2005). Rethinking Innovation: Context and Gender. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 37 (4), 681–701. Brandl, J., & Bullinger, B. (2009). Reflections on Societal Conditions for the Pervasiveness of Entrepreneurial Behavior in Western Societies. Journal of Management Inquiry, 18(2), 159-173. Branzei, O. & Abdelnour, S. (2010). Another day, another dollar: Enterprise resilience under terrorism in developing countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 80 4 – 882. Calás, M.B., Smircich, L. & Bourne, K.A. (2009). Extending the Boundaries: Reframing “Entrepreneurship as Social Change” Through Feminist Perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 34, 552–569. Choi, N. & Majumdar, S. (2014). Social entrepreneurship as an essentially contested concept: Opening a new avenue for systematic future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 29 (3), 363-376. Dacin, M.T., Dacin, P.A, Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization Science 22(5):1203-1213. Dorado S. (2006) ‘Social Entrepreneurial Ventures: Different Values So Different Process of Creation, No?’ Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 11(4): 319-43. Ebrahim, A., Battilana, J. & Mair, J. (2014). The governance of social enterprises: Mission drift and accountability challenges in hybrid organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34, 81-100. Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, K. (2013). What impact: A framework for measuring the scale and scope of social performance. California Management Review, 56(3), 118–141. Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T. and Stephan, U. (2013), Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship Across Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37: 479–
Jiménez, A. (2019) Inclusive innovation from the lenses of situated agency: insights from innovation hubs in the UK and Zambia, Innovation and Development, 9:1, 41-64. Jiménez, A. & Roberts, T. (2019) Decolonising Neo-Liberal Innovation: Using the Andean Philosophy of ‘Buen Vivir’ to Reimagine Innovation Hubs. In: Nielsen P., Kimaro H. (Eds) Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Strengthening Southern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D. ICT4D 2019. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol
- Springer, Cham. Khavul, S. and Bruton, G. D. (2013), Harnessing Innovation for Change: Sustainability and Poverty in Developing Countries. Journal of Management Studies, 50: 285–306. Khoury, T. A., & Prasad, A. (2016). Entrepreneurship amid concurrent institutional constraints in less developed countries. Business and Society, 55(7), 934–969. Lan, H., Zhu, Y., Ness, D., Xing, K. & Schneider, K. (2014) The role and characteristics of social entrepreneurs in contemporary rural cooperative development in China: case studies of rural social entrepreneurship., Asia Pacific Business Review, 20:3, 379-400. Mair J., Martí I., Ventresca M. (2012). Building inclusive markets in rural Bangladesh: How intermediaries work institutional voids. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 819-850. Mulgan G. (2006) The Process of Social Innovation, Innovations 1(2): 145 – 62.
Muntean, C.S. & Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2016), Feminist perspectives on social entrepreneurship: critique and new directions. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3): 221-241. Peredo, A.M. & Chrisman, J.J. (2006). Toward a theory of community-based enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 309–328. Sarasvathy, S. (2001). Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243-263. Sarasvathy, S. (2006). What makes entrepreneurs entrepreneurial? https://www.effectuation.org/sites/default/files/documents/what-makes-entrepreneurs- entrepreneurial-sarasvathy.pdf Sarasvathy, S. (2011). What is effectuation? https://www.effectuation.org/sites/default/files/documents/effectuation- 3 - pager.pdf Yusuf, J.-E. (Wie), & Sloan, M. F. (2015). Effectual Processes in Nonprofit Start-Ups and Social Entrepreneurship: An Illustrated Discussion of a Novel Decision-Making Approach. The American Review of Public Administration, 45(4), 417–435. Wheeler, D., McKague, K., Thomson, J., Davies, R., Medalye, J. & Prada, M. (2005) Creating Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks, MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(1): 33-40. Additional Materials Abdelnour, S. et al. (2008). Examining Enterprise Capacity: A Participatory Social Assessment in Darfur and Southern Sudan. Toronto: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University. Abdelnour, S. & Pemberton-Pigott, C. 2018. For Cook and Climate: Certify Cookstoves in their Contexts of Use. Energy Research & Social Science , 44: 196-198. Albert L.S., Dean T.J. & Baron R.A. (2016) From Social Value to Social Cognition: How Social Ventures Obtain the Resources They Need for Social Transformation, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 7(3): 289–
Ansari S. & Krop P. (2012) Incumbent Performance in the Face of a Radical Innovation: Towards a Framework for Incumbent Challenger Dynamics, Research Policy 41(8): 1357–74. Arend, R.J. (2013). A heart-mind-opportunity nexus: Distinguishing social entrepreneurship for entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 313-315. Atari, D.O., Abdelnour, S., McKague, K. & Wager, R. (2010) Technical, Vocational, and Entrepreneurial Capacities in Southern Sudan: Assessment and Opportunities. Toronto: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University & Plan International. Berends, H., Jelinek, M., Reymen, I. & Stultiëns, R. (2014), Product Innovation Processes in Small Firms. J Prod Innov Manag, 31: 616-635. Bergmann, H., Hundt, C. & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 53–76. Bhatt, B., Qureshi, I. & Riaz, S. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship in Non-munificent Institutional Environments and Implications for Institutional Work: Insights from China. J Bus Ethics 154, 605–630. Briant Carant, J. (2017) Unheard voices: a critical discourse analysis of the Millennium Development Goals’ evolution into the Sustainable Development Goals. Third World Quarterly, 38(1), pp.16-41. Bruton, G., Khavul, S., Siegel, D. and Wright, M. (2015), New Financial Alternatives in Seeding Entrepreneurship: Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-Peer Innovations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39: 9–26. Clemens, M.A. and Demombynes, G., 2011. When does rigorous impact evaluation make a difference? The case of the Millennium Villages. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 3(3): 305-339. Daniel, E.M., Domenico, M.D., & Sharma, S. (2015). Effectuation and home-based online business entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 33(8), 799–823.
Miller, T.L., Grimes, M.G., McMullen, J.S. & Vogus, T.J. (2012). Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 616-
Nicholls, A. (2006) Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nicholls, J. (2007). Why Measuring and Communicating Social Value can help Social Enterprise become More Competitive, London: Cabinet Office. Pacheco, D.F., Dean, T.J. & Payne, D.S. (2010), Escaping the green prison: entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development, Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5): 464-
Peredo, A.M., Haugh, H.M. & McLean, M. (2017). Common property: Uncommon forms of prosocial organizing. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(5): 565-582. Qureshi, I., Kistruck, G. M., & Bhatt, B. (2016). The Enabling and Constraining Effects of Social Ties in the Process of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 37 (3), 425–447. Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise, N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change, 36, 283-310. Rotheroe, N. and Richards, A. (2007), Social return on investment and social enterprise: transparent accountability for sustainable development. Social Enterprise Journal, 3(1): 31-48. Ryan, P.R. & Lyne, I. (2008) Social enterprise and the measurement of social value: methodological issues with the calculation and application of the social return on investment, Education, Knowledge and Economy, 2:3: 223-237. Sachs J. (2015) The Age of Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press. Sakarya, S., Bodur, M., Yildirim-Öktem, Ö. & Selekler-Göksen, N. Social alliances: Business and social enterprise collaboration for social transformation, Journal of Business Research, 65(12): 1710-1720. Salafsky, N., Cauley, H., Balachander, G., Cordes, B., Parks, J., Margoluis, C., Bhatt, S., Encarnacion, C., Russell, D. & Margoluis, R. (2001), A Systematic Test of an Enterprise Strategy for Community-Based Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology, 15: 1585-1595. Sharp, Z. (2020). Manipulating Structure in Institutional Complexity Scenarios: The Case of Strategic Planning in Nonprofits. Business & Society. Sharpe B., Hodgson A., Leicester G., Lyon A. and Fazey I. (2016) Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation, Ecology and Society, 21: 47. Smith, W.K., Gonin, A. & Besharov, M.L. (2013). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23, 407-442. Somerville, P. & McElwee, G. (2011) Situating community enterprise: A theoretical exploration, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23:5-6, 317-330. Todd Z. (2016) An Indigenous Feminist's Take on the Ontological Turn: ‘Ontology’ Is Just Another Word for Colonialism, Journal of Historical Sociology 29(1): 4-22, https://doi.org/10.1111/johs.12124Verreynne, M., Miles, M.P. & Harris, C. (2013). A short note on entrepreneurship as method: a social enterprise perspective. Interntional Entrepreneurship & Management Journal, 9: 113-128. Villalba U. (2013) Buen Vivir vs Development: a paradigm shift in the Andes?, Third World Quarterly 34(8): 1427 - 1442, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.831 594 Zahra, S.A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D.O. & Shulman, J.M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519-532.
Detailed syllabus and reading lists Topic 1: Transformative entrepreneurship, prosperity, global challenges Focus: This class introduces the module by placing the topic of transformative entrepreneurship in the context of global prosperity. It explores what prosperity means, and how we can imagine and build prosperous futures. It provides an overview of ‘prosperity thinking’, examining how present conceptualisations of prosperity go beyond the economistic paradigm to embrace well-being, quality of life, capabilities and environmental sustainability. In this way, the class seeks to provoke students to not take for granted the end goals and outcomes that are typically associated with entrepreneurship (e.g. innovation, market creation, increased employment, etc.) and instead challenges students to consider how transformative entrepreneurship may be harnessed to address complex social, economic and ecological challenges. Rather than promote a singular view of global prosperity, the class introduces the critical idea of embracing multiple, inclusive and contextually appropriate notions of prosperity. Students will be asked to both draw on and interrogate their own diverse experiences and understandings of global challenges and to consider the kinds of prosperous futures they aspire to. Essential reading: Khavul, S. and Bruton, G. D. (2013), Harnessing Innovation for Change: Sustainability and Poverty in Developing Countries. Journal of Management Studies, 50: 285–306. Pacheco, D.F., Dean, T.J. & Payne, D.S. (2010), Escaping the green prison: entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development, Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5): 464-
Wheeler, D., McKague, K., Thomson, J., Davies, R., Medalye, J. & Prada, M. (2005) Creating Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks, MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(1): 33-40. Video clips: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The Danger of a Single Story (TED Talk 2009), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg Extended reading: Briant Carant, J. (2017) Unheard voices: a critical discourse analysis of the Millennium Development Goals’ evolution into the Sustainable Development Goals. Third World Quarterly, 38(1), pp.16-41. Eisenhardt K.M., Graebner M.E. and Sonenshein S. (2016) Grand challenges and inductive methods: Rigor without rigor mortis, Academy of Management Journal 59: 1113 - 1123. Esquivel, V. (2016) Power and the sustainable development goals: A feminist analysis. Gender & Development. 2016 Jan 2;24(1):9-23. Ferraro, F., Etzion, D. & Gehman, J. (2015) Tackling grand challenges pragmatically: Robust action revisited. Organization Studies , p.0170840614563742. George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A. & Tihanyi, L. (2016) Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research, Academy of Management Journal, 59: 1880 - 1895. Hickel J. (2018) Is it possible to achieve a good life for all within planetary boundaries?, Third World Quarterly 40(1) : 18-35. Hickel J. (2019) Degrowth: A Theory of Radical Abundance, Real-World Economics Review 87 : 54-68. Sharpe, B., Hodgson, A., Leicester, G., Lyon, A. & Fazey, I. (2016) Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation, Ecology and Society, 21: 47.
Topic 3: Entrepreneurship: practice, policy, intervention or institution? Focus: This class challenges students to think beyond the dominant understanding of entrepreneurship as practice , and examines it in relation to four dimensions: practice, policy, intervention and institution. Only by taking such a broad view of entrepreneurship is it possible to understand just how deeply ‘entrepreneurship thinking’ has penetrated across different sectors and fields (e.g. economic development, education, healthcare, social policy, humanitarianism, etc.). Such a view will enable students to critically reflect on and relate the transformative potential of entrepreneurship in the various contexts of interest to them. Essential reading: Brandl, J., & Bullinger, B. (2009). Reflections on Societal Conditions for the Pervasiveness of Entrepreneurial Behavior in Western Societies. Journal of Management Inquiry, 18(2), 159-173. Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T. and Stephan, U. (2013), Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship Across Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37: 479–
Extended reading: Albert L.S., Dean T.J. & Baron R.A. (2016) From Social Value to Social Cognition: How Social Ventures Obtain the Resources They Need for Social Transformation, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 7(3): 289–
Bergmann, H., Hundt, C. & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 53–76. Bhatt, B., Qureshi, I. & Riaz, S. (2019). Social Entrepreneurship in Non-munificent Institutional Environments and Implications for Institutional Work: Insights from China. J Bus Ethics 154, 605–630. Dean T.J. & McMullen J.S. (2007) Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: Reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action, Journal of Business Venturing 22(1): 50-
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T. and Stephan, U. (2013), Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship Across Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37: 479–
Mayer C.P. (2013) Firm Commitment: Why the Corporation Is Failing Us and How to Restore Trust In It. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Muntean, C.S., & Ozkazanc-Pan, B. (2016). Feminist perspectives on social entrepreneurship: critique and new directions, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3): 221-241. Qureshi, I., Kistruck, G. M., & Bhatt, B. (2016). The Enabling and Constraining Effects of Social Ties in the Process of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 37 (3), 425–447. Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise, N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change, 36, 283-310.
Topic 4: Rethinking innovation and prosperity Focus: This class begins with the question: what is innovation? The topic will address this question by examining dominant understandings of innovation, which are overly tied to modern/Western notions of progress, technical experitise, and niche specialities. Students will have the opportunity to consider alternative approaches required for global prosperity. Different ideas about innovation to be considered seek to decentre dominant notions. Decolonial, community-based and contextually-embedded approaches to innovation will be explored. The topic and discussions will foreground some of the thinking and activities that will take place in Transformative Entrepreneurship and Prosperity: Design. Essential reading: Blake, M.K. & Hanson, S. (2005). Rethinking Innovation: Context and Gender. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space , 37 (4), 681–701. Jimenez, A. & Roberts T. (2019) Decolonising Neo-Liberal Innovation: Using the Andean Philosophy of ‘ Buen Vivir ’ to Reimagine Innovation Hubs. In: Nielsen P., Kimaro H. (eds) Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Strengthening Southern-Driven Cooperation as a Catalyst for ICT4D. ICT4D 2019. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 552. Springer, Cham Extended reading: Ansari S. & Krop P. (2012) Incumbent Performance in the Face of a Radical Innovation: Towards a Framework for Incumbent Challenger Dynamics, Research Policy 41(8): 135 7 – 74. Bergmann, H., Hundt, C. & Sternberg, R. (2016). What makes student entrepreneurs? On the relevance (and irrelevance) of the university and the regional context for student start-ups. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 5 3 – 76. Bruton, G., Khavul, S., Siegel, D. and Wright, M. (2015), New Financial Alternatives in Seeding Entrepreneurship: Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-Peer Innovations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39: 9–26. Escobar A. (2017) Designs for the Pluriverse: Radical Interdependence, Autonomy, and the Making of Worlds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Gümüsay, A.A. & Bohné, T.M. (2018). Individual and organizational inhibitors to the development of entrepreneurial competencies in universities. Research Policy, 47(2): 363–378. Jiménez, A. (2019) Inclusive innovation from the lenses of situated agency: insights from innovation hubs in the UK and Zambia. Innovation and Development, 9:1: 4 1 - 64. Khavul, S. and Bruton, G. D. (2013), Harnessing Innovation for Change: Sustainability and Poverty in Developing Countries. Journal of Management Studies, 50: 285–306. Lehner, O.M.; Nicholls, A. (2014). Social Finance and Crowdfunding for Social Enterprises: A Public-private Case Study Providing Legitimacy and Leverage. Venture Capital, 16, 271–286. Mayer C.P. (2013) Firm Commitment: Why the Corporation Is Failing Us and How to Restore Trust In It. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1-16. Mulgan G. (2006) The Process of Social Innovation, Innovations 1(2): 145–62. Nicholls A. (2006) Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Qureshi, I., Kistruck, G. M., & Bhatt, B. (2016). The Enabling and Constraining Effects of Social Ties in the Process of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 37 (3), 425–447. Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise, N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change, 36, 283-310. Sharpe, B., Hodgson, A., Leicester, G., Lyon, A. & Fazey, I. (2016) Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation, Ecology and Society, 21: 47.
Topic 6: Agency and institutional change Focus: This is the first of three topics focused on theories (or lenses) useful for understanding transformative entrepreneurship and prosperity. The topic of agency and institutional change underpins a wide variety of theories, including those commonly used in (social) entrepreneurship research. This topic begins with an introduction of key concepts and an overview of different ways to define institutions. Once the basics are covered, students will be introduced to a fundamental conceptual question of agency (also known as the structure/agency problem), namely: How are actors able to provoke change if embedded within the very institutions they seek to change? The topic proceeds by offering students a nuanced view of the topic involving different levels of analysis and conceptions of change for addressing grand challenges. These difficult and complex questions will be brought together in a case study that explores the social construction of collective enterprise. Essential reading: Abdelnour, S., Hasselbladh, H., & Kallinikos, J. (2017). Agency and Institutions in Organization Studies. Organization Studies, 38(12), 1775– 1 792. Mair, J., Martí, I., Ventresca, M. (2012). Building inclusive markets in rural Bangladesh: How intermediaries work institutional voids. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 819- 850. Case study: Abdelnour, S. 2011. Forging Through Adversity: The Blacksmiths of North Darfur and Practical Action. GIM Case Study No. B057. New York: UNDP. Extended reading: Brandl, J., & Bullinger, B. (2009). Reflections on Societal Conditions for the Pervasiveness of Entrepreneurial Behavior in Western Societies. Journal of Management Inquiry, 18(2), 159-173. Ebrahim, A., Battilana, J. & Mair, J. (2014). The governance of social enterprises: Mission drift and accountability challenges in hybrid organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 34, 81-100. Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T. and Stephan, U. (2013), Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, and Institutions: Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship Across Nations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37: 479–
Gümüsay, A.A. (2015). Entrepreneurship from an Islamic Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 130: 199–
Hwang, H. & Powell, W.W. (2005). Institutions and entrepreneurship. In Alvarez, S.A. , Agarwal, R. , & Sorenson, O. (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: Disciplinary perspectives (pp. 201– 232). New York: Springer. https://web.stanford.edu/group/song/papers/HwangPowell.pdf Jiménez, A. (2019) Inclusive innovation from the lenses of situated agency: insights from innovation hubs in the UK and Zambia. Innovation and Development, 9:1: 41-64. Khoury, T. A., & Prasad, A. (2 0 16). Entrepreneurship amid concurrent institutional constraints in less developed countries. Business and Society, 55(7), 934–969. Pacheco, D.F., Dean, T.J. & Payne, D.S. (2 0 10), Escaping the green prison: entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development, Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5): 464-
Qureshi, I., Kistruck, G. M., & Bhatt, B. (2016). The Enabling and Constraining Effects of Social Ties in the Process of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 37 (3), 425–447. Raz, K.G. (2012). Toward an improved legal form for social enterprise, N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change, 36, 283-310. Sharpe B., Hodgson A., Leicester G., Lyon A. and Fazey I. (2016) Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation, Ecology and Society, 21: 47. Webb, J. W., Khoury, T. A., & Hitt, M. A. (2020). The Influence of Formal and Informal Institutional Voids on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 44 (3), 504–526.
Topic 7: Community-based enterprise Focus: This is the second of three topics focused on theories (or lenses) useful for understanding transformative entrepreneurship and prosperity. The topic of community-based enterprise will explore the question: What does it mean for a community to act entrepreneurially? This topic will provide students with an overview of the determinants, characteristics, and consequences of community-led, owned and controlled enterprises, especially those that are rooted in a community’s culture, natural as well as social capital. The similarities between community-based enterprises and other models (e.g. cooperative, village- based) will also be examined. Essential reading: Peredo, A.M., & Chrisman, J.J. (2006). Toward a theory of community-based enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 309–328. Lan, H., Zhu, Y., Ness, D., Xing, K. & Schneider, K. (2014) The role and characteristics of social entrepreneurs in contemporary rural cooperative development in China: case studies of rural social entrepreneurship, Asia Pacific Business Review, 20:3, 379-400. Teaching case: Yu, H. & Arjalies, D.L. (2019). Norlha: Scaling Up Sustainable Luxury on the Tibetan Plateau. Ivey Publishing. Extended reading: Gümüsay, A.A. (2015). Entrepreneurship from an Islamic Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 130: 199–
Hota, P., Mitra, S., & Qureshi, I. (2019). Adopting Bricolage to Overcome Resource Constraints: The Case of Social Enterprises in Rural India. Management and Organization Review, 15(2), 371-402. Mackeever, E., Jack, S. & Anderson, A. (2015). Embedded entrepreneurship in the creative re- construction of place. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(1): 5 0 - 65. Peredo, A.M., Haugh, H.M. & McLean, M. (2017). Common property: Uncommon forms of prosocial organizing. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(5): 565-582. Qureshi, I., Kistruck, G. M., & Bhatt, B. (2016). The Enabling and Constraining Effects of Social Ties in the Process of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization Studies, 37 (3), 425–447. Salafsky, N., Cauley, H., Balachander, G., Cordes, B., Parks, J., Margoluis, C., Bhatt, S., Encarnacion, C., Russell, D. & Margoluis, R. (2001), A Systematic Test of an Enterprise Strategy for Community-Based Biodiversity Conservation. Conservation Biology, 15: 1585-1595. Somerville, P. & McElwee, G. (2011) Situating community enterprise: A theoretical exploration, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23:5-6, 317-330.
Topic 9: Extreme contexts and the limits of transformative enterprise Focus: In this class, students will explore the potential of transformative entrepreneurship to provoke positive societal and environmental changes in extreme contexts. The focus of this topic is not simply to explore ‘what works’; rather, it is to gain a deeper understanding of how context and contextual embeddedness may influence the shape, trajectory and ultimate survival of transformative entrepreneurship. It is also intended to challenge students to think about the limits of transformative enterprise. Students will be expected to draw upon the knowledge gained from prior topics and readings to consider what sort of policies (support), practices (enterprise models), interventions or institutions are required to support entrepreneurship in extreme contexts, and also which theories or lenses are most useful. Essential reading: Alvi, F.H., Prasad, A. & Segarra, P. (2017). The political embeddedness of entrepreneurship in extreme contexts: The case of the West Bank. Journal of Business Ethics. Khoury, T. A., & Prasad, A. (2 0 16). Entrepreneurship amid concurrent institutional constraints in less developed countries. Business and Society, 55(7), 934– 969. Blog: Abdelnour, S. July 8, 2011. Building Juba: on bricks, markets and inclusive development. Africa@LSE. Extended reading: Abdelnour, S. et al. (2008). Examining Enterprise Capacity: A Participatory Social Assessment in Darfur and Southern Sudan. Toronto: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University. Atari, D.O., Abdelnour, S., McKague, K. & Wager, R. (2010) Technical, Vocational, and Entrepreneurial Capacities in Southern Sudan: Assessment and Opportunities. Toronto: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University & Plan International. Branzei, O. & Abdelnour, S. (2010). Another day, another dollar: Enterprise resilience under terrorism in developing countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), 80 4 – 882. Desai, S. (2011) A Tale of Entrepreneurship in Two Iraqi Cities, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 24(2): 283-292. Hällgren, M., Rouleau, L. & de Rond, M. (2018). A Matter of Life or Death: How Extreme Context Research Matters for Management and Organization Studies. Academy of Management Annals, 12: 111–153. Joseph, J., Katsos, J.E. & Daher, M. (2020) Local Business, Local Peace? Intergroup and Economic Dynamics. Journal of Business Ethics. Mair J., Martí I., Ventresca M. (2012). Building inclusive markets in rural Bangladesh: How intermediaries work institutional voids. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 819-850. Sharp, Z. (2020). Manipulating Structure in Institutional Complexity Scenarios: The Case of Strategic Planning in Nonprofits. Business & Society. Webb, J. W., Khoury, T. A., & Hitt, M. A. (2020). The Influence of Formal and Informal Institutional Voids on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 44 (3), 504– 526.
Topic 10: Understanding value, measuring impact (SA) Focus: In the final session, students will discuss and examine different approaches to assessing social value and the societal impact of transformative entrepreneurship and innovation. In addition to discussing mainstream approaches, students will be challenged to reflect on and conceive of their own approach to understanding value and measuring impact. Importantly, students will also consider the role of context, and in particular the degree to which understanding value and measuring should be contextually and temporally dependent, or even flexible to changing circumstances. Essential reading: Bagnoli, L. & Megali, C. (2011). Measuring performance in social enterprises. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40, 149-165. Ebrahim, A., & Rangan, K. (2013). What impact: A framework for measuring the scale and scope of social performance. California Management Review, 56(3), 118–141. Mulgan, G. 2010. Measuring social value. Stanford social innovation review, 8(3): 38–43. Extended reading: Abdelnour, S. & Pemberton-Pigott, C. 2018. For Cook and Climate: Certify Cookstoves in their Contexts of Use. Energy Research & Social Science, 44: 196-198. Clemens, M.A. & Demombynes, G., 2011. When does rigorous impact evaluation make a difference? The case of the Millennium Villages. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 3(3): 305-339. Grieco, C., Michelini, L., & Iasevoli, G. (2015). Measuring Value Creation in Social Enterprises: A Cluster Analysis of Social Impact Assessment Models. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 44(6), 1173 – 1193. McLoughlin, J., Kaminski, J., Sodagar, B., Khan, S., Harris, R., Arnaudo, G. & Mc Brearty, S. (2009) A strategic approach to social impact measurement of social enterprises: The SIMPLE methodology. Social Enterprise Journal, 5(2): 154-178. Millar, R. & Hall, K. (2013) Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Performance Measurement, Public Management Review, 15(6): 923-941. Nicholls, J. 2007. Why Measuring and Communicating Social Value can help Social Enterprise become More Competitive, London: Cabinet Office. Rotheroe, N. and Richards, A. (2007), Social return on investment and social enterprise: transparent accountability for sustainable development. Social Enterprise Journal, 3(1): 31-48. Ryan, P.R. & Lyne, I. (2008) Social enterprise and the measurement of social value: methodological issues with the calculation and application of the social return on investment, Education, Knowledge and Economy, 2:3: 223-237. Sakarya, S., Bodur, M., Yildirim-Öktem, Ö. & Selekler-Göksen, N. Social alliances: Business and social enterprise collaboration for social transformation, Journal of Business Research, 65(12): 1710-1720. Wheeler, D., McKague, K., Thomson, J., Davies, R., Medalye, J. & Prada, M. (2005) Creating Sustainable Local Enterprise Networks, MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(1): 33-40.
