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Understanding the Role of Organelles in Cellular Functions and Protein Production, Slides of Biology
An in-depth exploration of organelles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their specialized functions, and the importance of protein production. Topics include the functions of mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, as well as the process of protein assembly and transport. The document also covers the significance of atp in energy production and the role of lysosomes in cell death.
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
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Tour of the Cell
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
Types of cells
Eukaryote
animal cells
Eukaryote plant cells
Cells gotta live!
- What jobs do cells have to do?
- building proteins
- proteins control every cell function
- make energy
- for daily life
- for growth
- build more cells
- growth
- reproduction
- repair
- building proteins
DNA
Why study protein production?
cells
proteins
organism
Repeat after me… DNA gets the glory, but Proteins do all the work! Docsity.com
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
protein on its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
TO:
proteins
transport vesicle Golgiapparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear pore
nucleus
ribosome
cell membrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Putting it together…^ Making proteins
Cells need power!
- Making energy
- take in food & digest it
- take in oxygen (O 2 )
- make ATP
- remove waste
ATP
Lysosomes
- Function
- little “stomach” of the cell
- digests macromolecules
- “clean up crew” of the cell
- cleans up broken down organelles
- little “stomach” of the cell
- Structure
- vesicles of digestive enzymes
only in animal cells
Christian de Duve
1960 | 1974
Where old organelles go to die!
But sometimes cells need to
die…
- Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they
are supposed to be destroyed
- some cells have to die for proper development in
an organism
- apoptosis
- “auto-destruct” process
- lysosomes break open & kill cell
- ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog
- ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development
- ex: self-destruct of cancerous cell
Fetal development
weeks
6 weeks
syndactyly
From food to making Energy
- Cells must convert incoming energy to forms
that they can use for work
- mitochondria:
from glucose to ATP
- chloroplasts:
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates
- ATP = immediate energy
- carbohydrates = stored energy
+
ATP
ATP
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
- Important to see the similarities
- transform energy
- generate ATP
- double membranes = 2 membranes
- semi-autonomous organelles
- move, change shape, divide
- internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
- transform energy
Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst
Membrane-bound Enzymes
carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen
dioxide
6CO 2 6H 2 O light C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2
energy
+ + → + Docsity.com
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells plant cells