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Theories of Counseling Test Bank
Midterm Questions and Correct
Solutions Latest Edition 2025-
Graded A| Guaranteed Pass
2 aspects of classical conditioning that are regularly overlooked by those who apply this model to counseling - ANSConditioned response is not identical to the unconditioned response Specific response is not total response 21st century - ANSEntering the fourth force: integrated approaches of first, second, and third force treatment approaches into a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible Clinicians' awareness and understanding of components of individual identity facilitate development of positive therapeutic relationships and effective treatment plans 3 assumptions of Meichebaum's cognitive-behavioral modifications - ANS1. Constructive narrative: people actively construct their own reality. Reality is a product of personal meanings
- Information processing: An activating event taps into a person's core cognitions, leading to an unhelpful, inaccurate, and distorted thoughts. People experience negative emotions and engage in unwise and harmful behaviors because they distort reality as a result of cognitive eros and misperceptions
- Conditioning: Cognitions are viewed as covert behaviors that have been conditioned. They can be deconditioned and modified through both external and internal contingencies, thereby strengthening new and healthier cognitions. Modeling, mental rehearsal, and other strategies are important in affecting cognitive change 3 characteristics of punishment - ANS1. Behavior must have consequence
- Behavior must decrease in strength
- Decrease in the behavior must be a result of the consequence 3 qualities of a consequence - ANSFrequency Magnitude Delay 3 qualities of stimuli - ANSVariety Intensity Meaningfulness 8 determinants of classical conditioning - ANS1. Strong USs produce stronger conditioned reflexes when compared to weak USs
- As number of pairs of CS with a US increases, the CS acquires increasing ability to elicit a conditioned response
- When a CS is always associated with a given US, the CS takes on a greater ability to elicit the CR than if pairing is only intermittent
- When multiple stimuli (internal/external) precede a US, the stimulus that is most highly correlated with the US is most likely to become a strong CS
rC: rational consequence D: disputing irrational belief which leads to cE, eE, or bE cE: desirable cognitive effects eE: desirable emotional effects bE: desirable behavioral effects Abolishing operantt - ANSMakes a reinforcer or aversive stimulus less potent (decreases its effectiveness) Could also be public disapproval, motivation, interest, etc abreaction - ANSEntails recalling a painful experience that has been repressed with accompanying emotions, working through that painful experience and the conflict it created by reliving in memory the experience and its associated emotions, analyzing that experience, and achieving an emotional release as the culmination of that process Emotional breakthrough leads to evaporating emotion acceptance and commitment therapy - ANSStephen Hayes Based on relational frame theory Through the use of metaphor, paradox, and experiential exercises, clients learn how to break up fused thoughts and make healthy contact with their cognitions, feelings, memories, and physical sensations Gain the skills to accept their thoughts, develop greater clarity about personal values, and commit to needed behavioral change Major goals of ACT are to help clients accept cognitions and emotions that are outside of their control and to encourage clients to make a commitment to creating a life that they value
Effective treatment of depression, psychosis, heroin addiction, substance abuse, chronic pain, and borderline personality disorders Acronym ACT - ANSAccept and embrace thoughts and feelings, especially difficult feelings such as anxiety or pain Choose a direction in life that reflects who the client truly is Take steps toward action Acting as if - ANSAct as if you don't have the problem with the idea that the experience will show that the problem isn't as big acting as if (behavioral) - ANSDeveloped by adler When confronting a challenging situation, people act as if they are someone whom they view as capable of handling the situation effectively acting out - ANSExhibiting negative behaviors rather than using thoughts or emotions to deal with a situation actions - ANSAre overt, observable and measurable activity scheduling - ANSplanning activities that are rewarding and provide a sense of accomplishment Having a schedule provides focus and direction and can limit maladaptive behaviors Schedule should list the activities, when they will be performed, and how much time will be spent on each task
Confrontation Task assignment Humor, silence, advice, and reflection of feeling Adler social interest - ANSBelieved people by nature are social beings interested in belonging to a group and desiring to solve the problems of their society Can be assessed by how successful people are able to negotiate relationships, the degree of closeness they maintain in those relationships and their connectedness and contributions to society To see with the eyes of another, to hear with the ears of another, to feel with the heart of another Striving for an everlasting community Adler's holistic philosophy - ANSGoal was to comprehend and help the unique individual Proposed that people's basic motivation is an innate predisposition for social interest and viewed people as driven primarily by needs for significance, self-worth, and social involvement Understanding people grew from knowledge of their goals and drives, their family constellations, their private logic, their social contexts, and their style of life Phenomenological, theoretical field, socially oriented, stressed consciousness and cognition, responsibility, meaning, and values adult skills - ANSSelf-awareness Self-control
affiliation - ANSTurning to others for help and support, but retaining responsibility for one's own difficulties Social support Albert Bandura - ANSThe developer of social cognitive theory Applied the principles of both classical and operant conditioning to social learning Learning and subsequent behavior change could occur vicariously through observation of other people's behavior Reciprocal determinsim Modeling can actually change our cognitions about our abilities and improve our self-efficacy Alfred Adler - ANSInitially shared Freud's perspective on human development and psychotherapy, but he came to disagree with the emphasis on biological and physiological determinants of psychological development Established his own theory called individual psychology Believed all behavior was purposeful and helped people to achieve their goals All treatment modalities under psychodynamics share basic assumptions - ANS1. Psychology causation underlies behavior: Assumes that conscious or unconscious thoughts, feelings, and beliefs lie at the root of psychological problems and disorders
- The unconscious influences us
Anticipation - ANSReducing anxiety by considering the probable consequences of future events and finding ways to address them effectively anxiety states - ANSIncluding phobias and generalized anxiety disorders, but involving unreasonable fears applied behavioral analysis - ANSDerived from B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning Approach looks at the impact of environmental events on behavior Takes a scientific approach and focuses on observable, measurable behavior assertive training - ANSLooking for any verbal/nonverbal emotion besides anxiety Slowly practice assertiveness skills Anticipate the consequence and make sure not to put client in harms way Aversion therapy - ANSrisky intervention Antabuse, time-outs, visual imagery, and satiation Linking undesirable behaviors with negative experiences motivates change Showing scary consequences Is short term and only represses the behaviors Aversion therapy process - ANS1. Are the consequences of problem behavior initiating or maintaining them
- Identify reinforcing and punishing conditions relevant to behavior in question
- Can the contingencies be arranged
- Goal: Rearrange contingencies so only desired behavior is reinforced Aversive stimlus - ANSThe opposite of positive reinforcement A behavior is followed by something that would be unpleasant which results in a decreased probability of the behavior occurring in the future avoidance - ANSRefusing to deal with troubling situations or experiences Avoidance retard extinction - ANSExtinction cannot take place if one avoids the CS Avoiding the tar baby - ANSAdlerian term for the therapist avoiding falling into the trap of responding to the client's transference in the same emotionally destructive ways that people in the past have done Sidestep traps so client has a different interpersonal interaction avoiding type - ANSType of style of life Avoid failure by being uninvolved Low social interest and activity B.F. Skinner - ANSLed to the emergence of the second force: behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions Behavioral treatment approaches widely used in the 1970s
Beck cognitive philosophy and concepts - ANSRejects the concept of the unconscious and the source of emotional disturbances Rejects the notions of behaviorists that say only overt behavior is significant Rejects traditional neuropsychiatry that only looks at chemical causes of emotional disturbances Accepts that what people think and say about themselves, their attitudes, ideas, ideals, are relevant and important behavior therapy goals - ANSSeeks to extinguish maladaptive behaviors and help people learn new adaptive ones behavioral activation therapy - ANSCBT intervention Involves increasing activity on a daily basis to help motivate people with depression who may experience low energy and may have withdrawn from life to such an extent that they are not capable of participating in cognitive therapy, do not have enough energy to recognize or discuss cognitive distortions, or cannot seem to overcome what may be keeping them stuck in their depression Include establishing a list of pleasant activities; scheduling, monitoring, and charting activities; relaxation and skills training; recognizing aversive and avoidant behaviors; and confronting cognitive distortions behavioral approaches - ANSconcentrate on modifying actions behavioral interventions - ANSActing as if
Activity scheduling Aversion therapy Behavioral rehearsal Biofeedback Contracting Diaphragmatic breathing Exposure Expressive and creative activities Extinction Flooding Modeling Reasonable (natural) consequences Reinforcements Relaxation Shaping Skill training Token Economies behavioral rehearsal - ANSGives people an opportunity to practice a challenging task Role play, practicing the desired behavior offers opportunities for feedback and improvement Behavioral techniques of therapy - ANSPermissiveness Free association Rewards for talking Handling the transference
Position within the sibling group can influence personality development through family roles Carl Jung - ANSTheory of analytical psychology reflected his interest in philosophy, religion, and metaphysics Believed the unconscious mind was divided into two parts: The personal unconscious and the collective unconscious Thought the use of symbols, dreams, interpretations, rituals, and myth, he helped clients find deeper, spiritual meaning in their lives Carl Rogers - ANS1960s Led to the development of the third force: existential-humanistic psychotherapy Emphasizes the importance of emotions and sensations and of people taking charge of and finding meaning in their own lives Approaches also drew attention to the importance of the therapeutic alliance Carl Rogers's person-centered counseling referred to these traits - ANSEmpathy Unconditional positive regard congruence Castration anxiety - ANSFear of retribution from the father Allows them to repress their desire for their mother and resolve their feelings appropriately through identification with the father
Catastrophizing - ANSExaggerating the negative and and ignoring the positive aspects of a person or a situation Catching oneself - ANSEncourages people to be more conscious of their repetitive faulty goals and thoughts Facilitate this by identifying warning signs of difficulties and encouraging clients to view them as stop signs that remind them to pause and redirect themselves Need to normalize that this takes time Classic psychoanalysis - ANSTerm used to describe traditional psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud more than 100 years ago Through the use of free association the client would do the work of psychoanalysis to make the unconscious conscious Clinician training should include the following areas of preparation and competence - ANSAppropriate interpersonal skills Professional orientation, identity, and ethics Social and cultural foundations of the profession Human growth and development Lifestyle and career development Theories of counseling and psychotherapy Group counseling and psychotherapy Assessment and appraisal Research and program evaluation Diagnosis and psychopathology
Thinking leads to feeling which leads to thinking cognitive-behavioral approaches - ANSattend to both thoughts and actions Cognitive-behavioral therapy - ANSReflected in the work of Meichenbaum, Ellis, and Beck Approach looks at how cognitions shape behaviors and emotions Make use of both cognitive and behavioral strategies to effect change Collaboratively developing a plan to change behavior - ANS1. Describe the problem behavior
- Establish a baseline, reflecting the current frequency, duration, and severity of the target behaviors
- Determine goals
- Develop strategies to facilitate change
- Implement the plan
- Assess progress and evaluate the success of the plan
- Reinforce successes to promote empowerment and continue progressing and making positive changes
- Continue the process by making plans to promote maintenance of gains and prevent relapse collective unconscious - ANSWhere archetypes, myths, and symbols from our evolutionary past reside compensation - ANSOvercoming real or imagined inferiority
confrontation - ANSinvolves pointing out discrepancies in the material that clients present Congruence - ANSBeing genuine contributes to the establishment of a positive therapeutic relationship Gives clients clear, accurate, unambiguous, and honest, yet sensitive, messages conscious - ANSThings we're aware of Always available to us Thoughts and perceptions Conspiciousness - ANSIs it obvious contracting - ANSEstablishing a clear agreement between client and clinician about the goals of treatment and the roles of both participants Provides direction and motivation and can increase client cooperation with the treatment process countertransference - ANSThe clinician's feelings and reactions to the client Need to have insight to our own feelings and thoughts toward clients Originally thought to be avoided by Freud Now used to help the therapist understand the client and hep provide a corrective emotional experience
