Name of the School: SMAS
Course Code: BMLS5008 Course Name: Immunopathology
Topic: Lymphatic
System
Faculty Name: Silvester Y Program Name:
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The Lymphatic System: A Vital Network for Fluid Balance and Immune Defense, Slides of Health sciences
A comprehensive overview of the lymphatic system, its structure, and its key functions. It delves into the components of the lymphatic system, including lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils. The primary and secondary lymphatic organs, their roles in the immune response, and the importance of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance and defending the body against infection and disease. With detailed explanations of the system's anatomy and physiology, this resource offers valuable insights for students and healthcare professionals interested in understanding the intricate workings of the lymphatic system and its crucial contributions to overall health and well-being.
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2023/2024
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Name of the School: SMAS
Course Code: BMLS5008 Course Name: Immunopathology
Topic: Lymphatic
System
Faculty Name: Silvester Y Program Name:
Prerequisite/Recapitulations Cardiovascular system.
Introduction
- (^) The lymphatic system is an intricate network of vessels, tissues, and organs that work together to transport lymph, throughout the body.
- (^) Lymph- Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels
- (^) The primary function of the lymphatic system is to help maintain the body's fluid balance, as well as to defend against infection and disease.
- (^) without it neither the circulatory system nor the immune system would function.
- (^) It is an accessory to the circulatory system
- (^) The two system are directly connected together.
Functions of the Lymphatic System The lymphatic system has three primary functions:
1. Drains excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood. This function closely links it with the cardiovascular system. In fact, without this function, the maintenance of circulating blood volume would not be possible. 2. Transports dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. 3. Carries out immune responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells.
Components of lymphatic system: 1.Lymph 2.Lymphatic vessels 3.Lymphatic capillaries 4.Lymph Node 5.The spleen 6.Thymus gland 7.Tonsils
Lymph:
- (^) Interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph (LIMF = clear fluid).
- (^) The major difference between interstitial fluid and lymph is location: Interstitial fluid is found between cells, and lymph is located within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue. Components:
- (^) White blood cells: Lymph contains various types of white blood cells, including lymphocytes, which are responsible for the body's immune response, and macrophages, which help to remove foreign substances and cellular debris.
- (^) Proteins: Lymph contains a variety of proteins, including immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that help to fight infection and disease.
- (^) Fats: Lymph also contains dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins, which are absorbed from the digestive system and transported to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system.
- (^) Cellular debris: As lymph moves through the lymphatic system, it picks up cellular debris, including dead or damaged cells, bacteria, and other foreign substances.
Lymphatic Capillaries
- (^) Lymphatic capillaries are tiny, thin-walled vessels that are found in most tissues throughout the body.
- (^) They are similar in structure to blood capillaries, but they are more permeable, which allows them to absorb interstitial fluid, proteins, and other substances from the tissues.
- This fluid, now called lymph.
- (^) Lymphatic capillaries are unique in that they are closed-ended, which creates a one-way valve system that allows for the entry of fluid but prevents its backflow.
- (^) In the small intestine, specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals (LAK-tē-als; lact- = milky) carry dietary lipids into lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the blood.
- The presence of these lipids causes the lymph draining from the small intestine to appear creamy white; such lymph is referred to as chyle (KĪL = juice). Elsewhere, lymph is a clear, pale-yellow fluid because of the presence of WBC’s, lymphocytes and other cellular debris.
- (^) A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.
- (^) Lymph nodes are found throughout the body, with clusters in the neck, armpits, groin, and other areas. They are made up of lymphoid tissue, which contains immune cells, and are connected by lymphatic vessels.
- (^) Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla (underarm), chest, abdomen, and groin. For example, there are about 20-40 lymph nodes in the axilla. Also called lymph gland.
The widely distributed lymphatic organs and tissues are classified into
two groups based on their functions.
Primary Lymphatic organ
Secondary Lymphatic organ
1.Primary Lymphatic Organ
Red bone marrow
Thymus Gland
2. Secondary Lymphatic Organ
Lymph Node
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus Gland:
Thymus Gland:
- (^) Location – The thymus gland is a small, bi-lobed gland located in the upper thorax, behind the sternum and
between the lungs.. Extending above into the lower part of the neck.
- (^) Well developed at birth (10-15g) and it grows up to puberty.
- (^) Maximum it could weigh around 30-40g again in the middle age it will get back to its initial weight from
birth.
- (^) It is part of the immune system and is particularly important in the development of T cells, which are a type
of white blood cell that helps fight infections and cancer.
Structure:
- (^) The thymus gland is divided into two lobes.
- (^) Made up of two pyramidal lobes with unequal size.
- (^) Connected by areolar tissue.
Spleen:
Location: The spleen is an organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm. It is part of the lymphatic system and is involved in filtering the blood and producing immune cells. Structure: Largest lymphoid organ covered by dense connective tissue – capsule Trabaculae extend inwards from capsule. Purplish colour 12 cm long, 2.5 cm thick, 7cm wide, 200g weight Cellular material : Red pulp / white pulp Red pulp which stores large no of RBC’S White pulp contains lymphocytes and macrophages