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Effect of Bilateral Transfer on Coincidence-Anticipation Performance: Study by Paul Dunham, Lecture notes of Psychology

A research article that investigates the effect of bilateral transfer on coincidence-anticipation performance. The study involved subjects practicing a simple coincidence-anticipation task using their preferred foot, followed by practice using their non-preferred foot. The results showed that supplementary practice using the non-preferred foot significantly improved the performance of the preferred foot. However, the tasks were found to have some similarity and conflict in the latter stages of practice.

What you will learn

  • What is the significance of bilateral transfer in motor skills acquisition?
  • How did the experimental group's performance differ from the control group's in the study?
  • What were the results of the analysis of variance for the study?
  • What is the effect of bilateral transfer on coincidence-anticipation performance?
  • How did the tasks used in the study affect performance in the latter stages of practice?

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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 120 170 SP 009 943
AUTHOR Dunham, Paul, Jr.
TITLE The Effect of Bilateral Transfer on
Coincidence-Anticipation Performance.
PUB DATE [75]
NOTE 12p.
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$1.67 Plus Postage
DESCRIPTORS *Motor Reactions; *Perceptual Motor Coordination;
Psychomotor Skills; *Skill Development; *Task
Performance; Tests; *Transfer of Training
IDENTIFIERS *Bilateral Transfer; Coincidence-Anticipation;
Physical Performance
ABSTRACT This experiment was undertaken to determine whether
coincidence-anticipation (intercepting a moving object at a
designated point and instant) is facilitated for one side of the body
after practice by the other side of the body. This phenomenon is
called bilateral transference. Subjects were asked to throw a switch
five times with their right (preferred) foot, then 25 times with
their (non-preferred) foot, and then five times with the right again.
Performance with the left foot indicated that learning had taken
place from the prior practice with the right foot. The control group
had five trials with the right foot, a ten-minute rest, and five more
trials with the right foot. (Tables and references are included.)
(CD)
***********************************************************************
Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished
* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort *
* to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal
* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality
* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available
* via the ERIC Document' Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not
* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions *
* supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.
***********************************************************************
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Download Effect of Bilateral Transfer on Coincidence-Anticipation Performance: Study by Paul Dunham and more Lecture notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 120 170 SP^009

AUTHOR Dunham,^ Paul,^ Jr. TITLE The^ Effect^ of^ Bilateral^ Transfer^ on Coincidence-Anticipation Performance. PUB DATE [75] NOTE 12p.

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83^ HC-$1.67^ Plus^ Postage DESCRIPTORS *Motor Reactions; *Perceptual Motor Coordination; Psychomotor Skills; *Skill Development; *Task Performance; Tests; *Transfer of Training IDENTIFIERS *Bilateral Transfer; Coincidence-Anticipation; Physical Performance

ABSTRACT

This experiment was undertaken to determine whether coincidence-anticipation (intercepting a moving object at a designated point and instant) is facilitated for one side of the body after practice by the other side of the body. This phenomenon is called bilateral transference. Subjects were asked to throw a switch five times with their right (preferred) foot, then 25 times with their (non-preferred) foot, and then five times with the right again. Performance with the left foot indicated that learning had taken place from the prior practice with the right foot. The control group had five trials with the right foot, a ten-minute rest, and five more trials with the right foot. (Tables^ and^ references^ are^ included.) (CD)

Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished

  • materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort *
  • to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal
  • reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality
  • of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available
  • via the ERIC Document' Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not
  • responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions *
  • supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.

U.S.DEPARTMENTOFHEALTH. EDUCATION$WELFARE NATIONALINSTITUTEOF EDUCATION THISDOCUMENTHASBEENREPRO- DUCEDEXACTLYASRECEIVEDFROM THEPERSONORORGANIZATIONORIGIN ATINGITPOINTSOFVIEWOROPINIONS STATEODONOTNECESSARILYREPRE- SENTOFFICIALNATIONALINSTITUTEOF EDUCATIONPOSITIONORPOLICY

TheEffectofBilateralTransferon

Coincidence-AnticipationPerformance

PaulDunham,Jr.

UniversityofWyoming

Laramie,Wyoming

Introduction

(1)Manypsycho-motorskillsrequireparticipantstoaccuratelyintercept

amovingobjectatadesignatedpointandinstant. Thisabilityhasbeentermed

coincidence-anticipation(C/A)(3). Successorproficiencyinimplementingthis

abilityismandatoryforsuccessfulparticipationinsuchactivitiesasbatting,

soccer,tennis,basketballandnumerousothers.Whiletheimportanceofthe

roleofC/Ainmotorskillsperformanceandacquisitioniswellacceptedby

theorists,areviewofpertinentliteraturerevealsapaucityofinvestigations

inthisarea. InstudiesreportedSlater-Hammel(15)investigatedaccuracy,

reliability,andrefractorinessasdidhisstudent,Belisle(3). Schmidt(13)has

examinedtheroleofmovementtimeintimingaccuracy;Williams(20).,Stadulis

(16),andDunham(5)havestudiedperformanceofchildren. Taskspecificity

andperformanceofvariousbodysegmentshavebeeninvestigatedbyGrose(7)

andDunham(4).

(2)GiventherecognizedcontributionoftheroleofC/Aintheacquisition

andperformanceofmanymotorskills,considerationshouldbedirectedtothe

identificationofparametersthatcouldpossiblyfacilitatetheacquisitionofthis

significantfactor.

3

bothtoggleswitchesasthecarpassed. Projectingfromandabovethecar,was

a1/8"diametersteelrod8incheslong,towhicha23/4"indiameterstyrofoam

ballwasattachedtotheend.

. (7)SubjectSwitch. Subjectswitchwasattachedtoan18"by81"x3/4"

woodenbase.Athinrubberpadwas'gluedtothebottomofthebasetoprevent

slippage. Theswitchwasa6"by13/4"haspsecuredtothebaseandinthe

reverseposition. Thetwocontactpointswerebolts,oneattachedtothehasp

andtheothertothebase.Toeachwasconnectedaleadwire.Depressionof

theswitchallowedthecircuittobecompleted.Asmallspringpositionedbelow

andinthecenterofthehaspensuredthecircuitbreakagewheneverasubject

releasedthehasp.Attheproximalend,aheavyrubberpadlimitedthedown-

wardmovementoftheswitch. Theswitchwaseasilydepressedwiththefoot.

.(8) Task. Subjectswererequiredtoreleasetheswitchsothattheir

releasecoincidedwiththeinstantthefrontedgeoftheballandthefrontedgeof

thestationaryflagweretangent.

(9).Reliability. Adjacenttrailcorrelationswereestablishedforthe

apparatusandtheresultingconsistencywasr=.973.

Procedure

(10)UponreportingtothelaboratoryS'swererandomlyassignedtoeither

thetransferorcontrolgroup..

(11)EachSwasshowntheapparatusandinstructedastohowitworked.

S'sweretheninstructedastowhatwasrequiredofthem. S'swereseatedina

straightbackchair15fcctfromthecoincidenceflagandperpendiculartoit.

TheSs'anticipationswitchwasplacedattheirfeetsothatitwasinacom-

fortableposition.

(12)TherequiredSperformancewasreviewedwiththeSandall

questionspertinenttotheperformancewereanswered.Questionspertaining

tothenatureoftheexperimentweredeferreduntilafterthetestingsession

wascomplete.WhentheexperimenterandtheSweresatisfiedthatthepro-

cedurewasunderStood,,testing.wasbegun.Eachtrialwasprecededbythe

experimentersaying"Ready"andthesubject'saffirmativereply.

(13)Subjectsinthetransfergrouphadfivetrialsemployingtheirpre-

ferredfootfollowedby25practicetrialsusingtheirnon-preferredfoot;

followingthispracticefivetrialsusingtheirpreferredfootwere_administered.

Thecontrolgroupwasinitiallygivenfivetrialsemployingtheirpreferred

foot. FollowingthesetrialstheSreadanarticlefromtheperiodicalQuest

fortenminutes. Followingthereadingfivemoretrialsonthepreferredfoot

wereadministered.

(14)Subjects. Thesubjectsusedinthisstudywereundergraduate

studentvolunteersenrolledattheUniversityofWyomingduringthefall

semester1975. Allsubjectswereright-handedandaveraged20.2yearsinage.

Results

(15)Themeanandstandarddeviationforpre-andpost-performanceof

thetransferandcontrolgroupsforabsoluteerrorarepresentedinTableI

andfordirectionalerrorinTableII.

(16)Theeffectofbilateraltransferwasinvestigatedemployinga2x

analysisofvariancewithrepeatedmeasuresonthelastfactor. Summaries

ofthepreferredfoot. Thisfindingisinagreementwithamajorityofthe

studiesofbilateraltransferandsupportsthegeneralconsensusthatperfor-

manceofthenon-practiceappendageisenhancedbypracticeoftheopposite

appendage.Theresultsreportedasdirectionalerrorindicatethatsubjects

wererespondingearly--beforetheactualmomentofcoincidence.Whilethis

isconsistentwiththefindingsofStadulis(16),itisnotincompleteagreement

withpreviousresultsobtainedbytheauthor(6)whereone-thirdofthesubjects

recordedlateresponses.Whyresponsetendencieswerenotmorenormally

distributedisofinterestbutunexplained.

(21)Thatthesignificantinteractionfortreatmentxmeasurewasobserved

forabsoluteerrorandnotdirectionalwouldseemtobeamanifestationofa

balancingorcancellingoutofobservednegativeandpositivedifferences.

(22)Theindicatedpresenceufbilateralreminiscenceisinagreementwith

thefindingsofWalker,etal.(18)andsuggeststhatthetaskshavesomesimi-

laritysoasnottoinhibitinitialperformanceimprovement.However,the

compr.risonoftheexperimentalgroup'sfinalleftfootpracticetrialswiththe

finalrightfoottrialswhichrevealedasignificantlossinperformanceproficiency

wouldseemtoindicatethatthetasksweresomewhatinconflict. Thelackof

bilateralfacilitationinthelatterphaseofpracticemightreflectinterference

toperformance,whereasthebilateralreminiscenceevidentinearlypractice

couldbeamanifestationofbecomingacquaintedwiththenoveltaskandthe

resultofextendedpractice. Previousstudies,Stadulis(16),Dunham(5)and

GladandDunham(6)havefoundC/Aperformanceimprovementoccuringvery

earlyinpracticeandhaveattributedthisimproveMentto"gettingtheideaof

thetask."

7

(23) Itisunfortunatethatacontrolgrouppracticingcontinuallywith

therightfootwasnotincludedintheexperiment.Thiswouldhavepermitted

a;comparisontodeterminetheeffectofearlypractice.

. TABLEI

MEANANDSDOFC/APERFORMANCEOFTRANSFER

ANDCONTROLGROUPS(ABSOLUTE ERROR)

PRE TEST POST TEST

X SD X SD

TRANSFER 41. 67 22. 36 21. 87 9. 32

GROUP

CONTROL 37. 97 24. 35 29. 60 23.

70 GROUP

TABLEII

MEANANDSDOFC/APERFORMANCEOFTRANSFER

ANDCONTROLGROUPS(DIRECTIONALERROR)

PRE TEST POST TEST

X SD. 51' SD

TRANSFER -34.13 26.99 -6.93 (^) 12. GROUP

CONTROL -29.67 29.85 -9.97 24.

GROUP

TABLEIV

SUMMARYOFANALYSISOFVARIANCEFORCOINCIDENCE-ANTICIPATION

PERFORMANCEOFTWOGROUPS (DIRECTIONALERROR)

VARIATION

SOURCE df SS MS

BETWEENSUBJECTS

TREATMENT 1 15.41 15.41.

SUBJECTS(Within) 58 47,799.92^ 824.

WITHINSUBJECTS

MEASURE 1 16,481.

..

a

TREATMENTxMEASURE 1 260.58 260.58.

MEASUREMENTxSUBJECT 58 23,423.75 403.

(WithinTreatment)

TOTAL 119

aSignificantatthe.05level.

REFERENCES

1.Ammons,R.B.andC.H.Ammons.Bilateraltransferofrotarypursuit

skill.AmericanPsychology,6:294,1951.

2.Ammons,R.B. LeMovement.InG.H.SewardandJ.P.Seward(Eds.),

CurrentPsychologicalIssues,NewYork:HoltRinehartandWinston,1958.

  1. Belisle,J..L.Accuracy,andrefractorinessofatransitreaction.Research

Quarterly,34:271-281,1963.

  1. Dunham,P.L.,Jr.andH.L.Glad. Specificityofcoincidence-anticipation.

PaperpresentedatResearchSection,1973AAHPERConvention,Minneapolis,

Minnesota.

  1. Dunham,P.L.,Jr. Coincidence-anticipationperformanceofchildren.

PaperpresentedatResearchSection,1974AAHPERConvention,Anaheim,

California.

  1. (^) Glad,H.L.andP.L.Dunham,Jr. (^) Coincidence-anticipationperformance

intheSaggittalandfrontalplanes. PaperpresentedatResearchSection,

AAHPERConvention,Houston,Texas.

  1. Grose,J.E. (^) Timingcontrolandfinger,armandwholebodymovements.

ResearchQuarterly,38:10-21,1967.

  1. Kirk,R.E. (^) ExperimentalDesign:ProceduresfortheBehavioralSciences,

Belmont:Brooks-ColePublishingCo.,1968.

  1. Laszlo,J.E.andR.A.Bagulet. Motormemoryandbilateraltransfer.

JournalofMotorBAavior,3:235,1971.

10.Logan,G.A.andA.Lockhart. Contralateraltransferofspecificityofstrength

training. J.Amer.Phys.Ther.Assoc.,42:658-660,1962.

  1. Munn,N.L. (^) Bilateraltransferoflearning. J.Exp.Psychol.,15:343,1932.

12. Schmidt,R.A. Anticipationandtiminginhumanperformance. Psychol.

Bulletin,70:631-646,1968.

  1. Schmidt,R.A. (^) 'Movementtimeasadetermineroftimingaccuracy. J.

Exp.Psychol.,79:43-47,1969.

14. Singer,R.N. Laboratoryandfieldexperimentsinmotorlearning.Charles

CithomasPublisher,Springfield,Illinois,1975.

15. Slater-Hammel,A.T. Reliability,accuracy',andrefractorinessofatransit

reaction.ResearchQuarterly,31:271,1960.