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The Chemistry of Life - Lecture Slides | BIOL 1406, Study notes of Biology

Wharton County Junior CollegeBiology
Prof. Kevin W. Dees

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Dees; Class: General Biology I (Core 030); Subject: Biology; University: Wharton County Junior College; Term: Unknown 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/18/2009

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Biology – Kevin Dees
The Chemistry of Life
Concepts taken from chapters 2, 3 & 4
Biology – Kevin Dees
• Organisms are composed of matter
• Anything that takes up space and has mass
• Abiotic items are also composed of matter
• Matter is made up of elements
• A substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical reactions
• There are about 92 naturally occurring elements
– Oxygen, O
– Carbon, C
–Iron, Fe
–Zinc, Zn
–Etc…
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Download The Chemistry of Life - Lecture Slides | BIOL 1406 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology – Kevin Dees

The Chemistry of Life

Concepts taken from chapters 2, 3 & 4

Biology – Kevin Dees

  • Organisms are composed of matter
    • Anything that takes up space and has mass
    • Abiotic items are also composed of matter
  • Matter is made up of elements
    • A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
    • There are about 92 naturally occurring elements
      • Oxygen, O
      • Carbon, C
      • Iron, Fe
      • Zinc, Zn
      • Etc…

Biology – Kevin Dees

Of the 92, naturally occurring elements,

only 25 are known to be essential to life

  • of these 25, only four (4) compose approx.

96% of living matter

  • Carbon, C
  • Oxygen, O
  • Hydrogen, H
  • Nitrogen, N

Biology – Kevin Dees

Trace elements

  • Required by organisms in very small

quantities

  • Still very important despite their limited

abundance

  • Fe, iron – required for oxygen transport
  • I, iodine – needed to produce a hormone in the thyroid gland - goiter

Biology – Kevin Dees

Atoms join to form molecules and compounds

  • Two or more atoms join to form a molecule
    • i.e. H 2 - hydrogen molecule
  • A compound consists of two or more

different atoms joining to form a molecule

  • i.e. H 2 O – water molecule; also a compound

Biology – Kevin Dees

Chemical bonds hold atoms together in

molecules and compounds

  • Covalent bonds
    • Sharing of electrons by atoms
    • Very strong
    • Represented by dashed line in structural formula - H-O-H
    • May be single (one pair of electrons shared ) or double (2 pr. shared)
    • May create polar molecules ( areas of charge)
      • H 2 O is polar

Biology – Kevin Dees

Water molecule – example of polar covalent

bonding

Biology – Kevin Dees

  • Ionic bonding – transfer (loss or gain) electrons
    • Formation of ions – charged atom
      • Cation – positive charge – lost electron
      • Anion – negative charge – gained electron
    • Bonds form due to attraction between anions and cations
    • Very strong

Biology – Kevin Dees

Water molecules pulled up the tissues of a plant or creates surface tension on water’s surface

Biology – Kevin Dees

  • Water is :

–Able to absorb large quantities of heat and only slightly change its own temperature

–Insulation!!!

–Evaporative cooling – as water absorbs energy and changes state (from liquid to gas), heat energy is taken away

Biology – Kevin Dees

  • Water is:

–Less dense as a solid than a liquid

–“Ice floats”!!!!

–This is important to water bodies as they freeze in the winter. The ice floats and insulates the water beneath it!!!

Biology – Kevin Dees

  • Water is:
    • The universal solvent
    • The mixing of two or more substances is

known as a solution

  • The dissolving agent is the solvent
  • The substance dissolved is the solute
    • Water dissolves polar or ionic compounds » Hydrophilic - water loving
    • Water does not dissolve nonpolar compounds » Hydrophobic - water hating

Biology – Kevin Dees

Properties of organic molecules depend on the arrangement of the carbon skeleton and the molecular attachments to that carbon skeleton

  • Carbon skeleton
  • Functional groups
  • Properties – determine function