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THE BOOK OF DANIEL

THE INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMJ;NTli~Y

I ,-

A CRITICAL AND I

EXEGETICAL ~OMMENTARY

ON

THE BOOK OF DANIEL

BY

JAMES A. MONTGOMERY, PH.D., S.T.D.

PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA AND IN THE PHILADELPHIA DIVINITY SCHOOL

EDINBURGH: T. '& T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET

1927

TO THE MEMORY OF

JOHN P. PETERS

MORRIS J ASTROW, JR.

ALBERT T. CLAY

ILLUSTRIOUS MEN

PREFACE.

In the summer of 1918 Doctor John P. Peters did me the honor of asking me to collaborate with him on this commentary, which volume had long been assigned to him, but which his manifold activities had not permitted him to undertake. Ex- traordinary duties prevented me from accepting until the fol- lowing year. I had then but one brief interview with Doctor Peters on our common task. He died November 10, 1921. The publishers generously acknowledged me as heir to his under- taking, and the inheritance has given me an added sense of re- sponsibility for a work which should have borne his name. With Doctor Peters, my early teacher and friend, I associate the names of two close and dear friends who also during the prosecution of these labors have passed away-Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., who died in 1921, and Professor Albert T. Clay, whose loss befell us last year. These three men were remarkable types of a brilliant generation in American Oriental studies. May they indulge me in recalling their ancient association with one another and my own intimate relations with them in work and friendship by the dedication to them of this volume. The mandate laid upon me in this commission was, it ap- peared obvious, the presentation of a primarily philological commentary. With all honor to the several brief commentaries on Daniel in English and German during the last generation or longer, we had still to depend, with the exception of the elab- orate apologetic commentary of d'Envieu, upon works of the third quarter of the last century and earlier; indeed, in large measure upon commentators of the first third of that century. Meanwhile, within very recent years the philological apparatus has been enormously enlarged by the discovery of the Elephan- tine papyri, along with a wealth of other new materials, in correspondence with the rapid development of all Orientalistic studies. Not that Daniel has been neglected. He has been the objective of higher criticism and apology to an unparalleled ex- tent, especially since the revelations of Assyriology. But all such vii

PREFACE lX

passes as "modern" may appear in an old-time Protestant or Jewish or Patristic commentator. On the other hand, except in cases of peculiar interest, I have not deemed it necessary to give catenm of all the witnesses of interpretation, for one scholar or a few may be right, and the majority does not count as in a democracy. My regret is that I have not been able to make greater use of the Jewish commentators-the initial key to Bibli- cal exegesis, and of the great Protestant and Catholic scholar- ship immediately subsequent to the Reformation. As far as possible I have economized space and labor by reference to gen- erally accessible authorities. But there has been expansive treat- ment of certain subjects, especially those in the fields of Aramaic and comparative Semitic grammar, so that the work may serve as a guide to the reader who desires introduction to fields which largely lie beyond the scope of usual Biblical studies. I should be gratified if my work may prosper the cause of Aramaic stud- ies. The English reader may welcome the constant registration of the four current English versions, and the opportunity to trace their dependence upon both elder and modern scholarship. The fully articulated Table of Contents will, it is hoped, facili- tate reference for the reader, while at the same time it avoids the necessity of elaborate indexes. In conclusion I have acknowledgments to make to several kind friends: to Professors G. A. Barton and R. P. Dougherty for painstaking contributions which will be acknowledged in the pertinent places; to Professors R. Butin, E. M. Grice, A. V. W. Jackson, M. L. Margolis, A. T. Olmstead, and D. M. Robinson for drafts upon their skilled knowledge; to Doctors C. D. Benja- min, H. S. Gehman, and M. J. Wyngaarden, for the pleasure as well as profit I have had in co-operative studies with them; and very particularly to Doctor Gehman for his generous assistance in reading much of the manuscript and all the proof. And I acknowledge my obligations to the publishers for their patience with my delay and with a volume that is swollen beyond original

expectations. JAMES A. MONTGOMERY. December 15, 1926.

CONTENTS. PAGE PREF ACE • vii

BIBLIOGRAPHY • xv

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN THE TEXTUAL

APPARATUS. xxxi

INTRODUCTION

I. THE BOOK 1 § I. THE CONTENTS I § 2. EARLY TESTIMONY TO THE BOOK AND !Ts PLACE IN THE CANON. 2 § 3. LITERARY DIVISIONS OF THE BOOK § 4. a. APOCRYPHAL ADDITIONS • b. LATER PSEUDEPIGRAPHA c. LEGENDS

II. TEXT AND LANGUAGE

§ 5. THE HEBREW-ARAMAIC TEXT

~ 6. THE HEBREW

§ 7. THE ARAMAIC

§ 8. FOREIGN WORDS •

a. WORDS FROM THE AKKADIAN b. PERSIAN WORDS •. c. GREEK WORDS § 9. THE LITERARY FORM OF THE BooK

III. ANCIENT VERSIONS § 10. SUMMARY ACCORDING TO LANGUAGES

a. GREEK

(r) THE OLD GREEK OR 'SEPTUAGINT' (2) THE THEODOTIONIC GROUP • (3) THE VERSIONS OF AQUILA AND SYMMACHUS (4) THE MEDLEVAL GRA!:CO-VENETUS b. LATIN. (r) THE OLD LATIN (2) THE VULGATE •

xi

10 10

II II 13

20 20 21 22 23

CONTENTS

COMMENTARY

I. THE HISTORIES CHAPTER 1: THE EDUCATION OF DANIEL AND Ihs THREE COM- PANIONS CHAPTER 2: NEBUCHADNEZZAR'S DREAM AND !Ts INTERPRE- TATION BY DANIEL NOTE ON THE SYMBOLISM OF THE IMAGE AND !Ts INTERPRE- TATION CHAPTER 3: Tm: GoLDEN IMAGE AND TIP THREE CONFESSORS CHAPTER 4: NEBUCHADNEZZAR'S MADNESS

NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION OF G

CHAPTER 5: BELSHAZZAR'S FEAST

NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION OF G

CHAPTER 6: DANIEL IN THE LIONS' DEN

NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION OF G

II. THE VISIONS.

CHAPTER 7: THE VISION OF THE BEASTS AND THE MAN

NoTE ON 'SoN OF MAN' CHAPTER 8: THE VISION OF THE RAM AND THE BUCK TEXTUAL NOTE ON gnb. 12 NOTE ON VSS AT 813 b CHAPTER 9: THE REVELATION OF THE SEVENTY WEEKS NOTE ON THE INTERPRE'J.'ATION OF THE SEVENTY WEEKS NOTE ON THE GREEK TEXTS OF 924 - 27

• (1) OF G (2) OF THE TEXTS OF 0 CHAPTERS 10-12: THE FINAL REVELATION. NOTE ON THE PRINCES AND ANGELS IN C. IO NOTE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF C. II.

INDEXES

I. INDEX VARIORUM •

II. PmLOLOGICAL INDEXES III. LITERARY REFERENCES, BIBLICAL, ETC.

Xlll

PAGE

II

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following select Bibliography includes books and articles bearing upon the whole of Daniel or upon general questions involved. Reference is

made ad locos to _special ~onographs. Th~re are \ncluded "'.orks of philo-

logical and historical bearing upon the subiect. Titles not directly known to the author are listed on account of their worth or historical interest; these are marked with an asterisk.

ABEN EzRA: text in Mi]i:raoth Gedoloth. ABRABANEL:* Comm. on Dan., for edd. s. Rosenmiilfer, p. 39. ACHELIS, H.: Hippolytstudien, TU, vol. 1, Heft 4. ALBERTUS MAGNUS:* Commentarius in Danielem, Lyons, 1651, etc. ANDERSON, R.: Daniel in ilie Critics' Den (answer to Professor Driver and Dean Farrar), n.d. APHREM SYRus: Comm. on Dan., Roman ed., vol. 2, 1740. APOLLINARIS: excerpts of comm. in Mai, q.v. AuBERLEN, K. A.: Der Prophet Daniel u. die Offenbarung Johannis, 1854. AucmNcLOss, W. S.: The Book of Daniel Unlocked, N. Y., 1905.

BALL, C. J.: Daniel and Babylon, Expositor, 19 (1920), 235.

BXR, S.: Libri Danielis Ezrae et Nehemiae, 1882. BARDENHEWER, 0.: Des heiligen Hippolytus von Rom Commentar zum Buche Daniel, 1877. --* Polychronius .•. ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Exegese, 1879. BAR HEBRJEus:* J. Freimann, Scholien zu Dan., 1892; * A. Heppner, Scholien z. Ruth u. z. d. apok. Zusatzen zu Dan., 1888. BARTH, J.: Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Spracheμ, 1889, 1891

(= Nbg.).

BARTON, G. A.: The Composition of the Book of Daniel, JBL 1898, 62 (rev. by Konig, Theo!. Literaturblatt, 1908, no. 46). BAUER, H., and LEANDER, P.: Historische Grammatik der hebraischen Sprache, vol. 1, 1922. BAYER, E.: Danielstudien, Alttestamentliche Abhandlungen (Munster i. W.) 3, Heft 5, 1912. BEHRMANN, G.: Das Buch Daniel, in Nowack's HK, 1894 (rev. by Roth- stein, DLZ Nov. 28, Dec. 26, 1896). BENJAMIN, C. D.: Collation of Holmes-Parsons 23 (Venetus)-62-147 in Daniel from Photographic Copies, JBL 44 (1925), 303-326. BERGSTRXSSER, G.: Hebraische Grammatik (announced as ed. 29 of Gese: nius' Grammatik), pt. I, 1918. BERTHOLDT, L.: Daniel, 1806. BERTHOLET, A.: s. under Stade.

xv

BIBLIOGRAPHY XVll

CALMET, A.:* Commentaire litteral sur tous Jes livres de l'Ancien et du Nou- veau Testament, 1707, etc.

CALVIN, JoHN:* Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis I. Budaei et

C. Ionuillae labore et industria exceptae, Geneva, 1561 (Eng. tr., Edinb.,

CASPARI, C.: Zur Einfiihrung in d. Buch Dan., Lpzg., 1869. CERIANI, A.: Codex syrohexaplaris ambrosianus photolithographice editus = Monumenta sacra et profana, vol. 7, 1874 (rev. by Nestle, TLZ 1876, 179). CHARLES, R. H.: A Critical History of the Future Life in Israel, Judaism, and Christianity, 1910. -- ed. Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols., 1913 ( = Apoc.). -- Book of Daniel, New Century Bible, n.d. -- Religious Development between the Old and the New Testaments, n.d. CoccEruS (Cock), J.: Observata ad Danielem, Leyden, 1666. COLLINS, A.:* The Scheme of Literal Prophecy Considered, 1726. CooKE, G. A.: A Text-Book of North Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903

(= NSI).

CoRNEuus A LAPIDE: Co=entarii in Scripturam Sacram, Lyons, 1885. CoRNILL, C. H.: Einleitung in das A. T.^2 1892 (Eng. tr. 1907).

Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum, 1881 seq. ( = CIS).

Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, 1866 seq. ( = CSEL). CoRRom:* Freimiithige Versuche iiber verschiedene in Theologie u. bib!. Kritik einschlagende· Gegenstiinde, 1783. .COWLEY, A.: Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.c., 1923 (= AP); also s. under Sayce. CozZA, J.: Sacrorum Bibliorum vetustissima fragmenta graeca et latina, Rome, 1867-77 (s. Int. §10, a). CREELMAN, H.: An introduction to the O.T. Chronologically Arranged,

N. Y., 1917.

Critici sacri, editor Cornelius Bee (London, 1660), Amsterdam, 1698. CURTIS, E. L.: Daniel, DB, 1898.

DALMAN, G.: Worte Jesu, Lpzg., 1898 (also Eng. tr., Scribner's). -- Grammatik d. jiidisch-palii.stinensischen Aramaisch•, 1905 ( = Gr.). -- Aramii.isch-neuhebrii.isches Handworterbuch zu Targum, Talmud u. Midrasch\ 1923 ( = Hwb.). DAVIDSON, SAMUEL: Introduction to the O.T., vol. 3, 1863. DEANE, H.: Daniel, his Life and Times, London, 1888. -- Daniel, in Ellicott's Old Testament Co=. DELITZSCH, FRANZ: Daniel, in PRE edd. 1. 2. DEuTzscH, FRIEDRICH: Philological Contributions to Bar's text, pp. vi-xii.

b

xvm (^) BIBLIOGRAPHY

DELITZSCH, FRIEDRICH: Assyrische Grammatik, 1889 ( = Gr.). -- Assyrisches Handworterbuch, 1896 ( = Hwb.). -- Die Lese- und Schreibfehler im A. T., 1920. DE WETTE, W.: Lehrbuch d .••• Einleitung in die Bibel Alten und Neuen Testamentes, ed. 4, 1845. Dow, A.: Konstanzer altlateinische Propheten- und Evangelienbruch- stiicke, = Texte u. Arbeiten herausgegeben <lurch die Erzabtei Beuron, 1 Abt., Hefte 7-<}, Lpzg., 1923. DOUGHERTY, R. P.: Nabonidus and Belshazzar (to appear in YOS).

DRIVER, G. R.: The Aramaic of the Book of Daniel, JBL 1926, rro-rr9.

DRIVER, S. R.: Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament, ed. 10, 1900, N. Y. = ed. 6, 1897; also an ed. 8, 1909. -- A Treatise on the Tenses in Hebrew', 1892. -- Daniel, in CBS, 1900, last imprint 1922. DUVAL, R.: Traite de grammaire syriaque, 1881 ( = GS).

EHRLICH, A. B.: Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel, vol. 7, 1914, pp. 126- 155 on Dan. EICHHORN, J. G.: Einleitung in das A. T.•, 1823-25. ELLIOTT, E. B.: Horae apocalypticae, London, 1862 (vol. 4 contains history of interpretation). L'EMPEREUR, C.:* ed. with tr. of Ben Yachya's comm., Amsterdam, 1633. n'ENVIEU, J. F.: Le livre du prophete Daniel, 4 vols., Paris, 1888-<)1. EuSEBIUS: Demonstratio evangelica, ed. Gaisford, 1852 (Eng. tr. by Ferrar, 1920). -- Praeparatio evangelica, ed. Gifford, 1903. EWALD, H.: Daniel, in Die Propheten d. Alten Bundes^2 , vol. 3, 1868 (Eng. tr. 1881, vol. 5). -- Ausfiihrliches Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache•, 1870.

FABRicrus, J. A.: Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testamenti, Hamburg,

FARRAR, F. W.: The Book of Dan., in Expositor's Bible, 1895. FIELD, F.: Origenis hexaplorum quae supersunt, 1875. FULLER, J.M.: Daniel, in the Speaker's Commentary, 1876. -- Bk. of Dan. in the Light of Recent Discoveries, Exp., March, June,

GALL, A. voN: Die Einheitlichkeit des Buches Daniel, 1895.

GALLE, A. F.: Daniel avec commentaires de R. Saadia, Aben-Ezra, Raschi,

etc., et variantes des versions arabe et syriaque, Paris, 1900.

GEBHARDT, 0. voN: Graecus Venetus, Lpzg., 1875 (rev. by Kamphausen,

TSK, 1876, 577).

GEHMAN, H. S.: The "Polyglot" Arabic Text of Daniel and Its Affinities,

JBL 44 (1925), 327-352.

XX BIBLIOGRAPHY

]ASTROW, MARCUS: Dictionary of the Targumim, etc., 1903.

JASTROW, MORRIS: Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, 1905 seq.

LE JAY, G. M.: Biblia Sacra polyglotta, Paris, 1645. JEPHET IBN 'ALi: Comm. on Daniel, ed. D. S. Margoliouth, in Anecdota Oxoniensia, 1889. JEROME: In Danielem prophetam, ed. Vallarsi, vol. 5, 1768. JouoN, P.: Grammaire de l'Hebreu biblique, Rome, 1923. Jumus, F.:* Expositio prophetae Danielis, Heidelberg, 1593.

KAHLE, P.: Masoreten des Ostens, 1913. -- Ed. texts with Babylonian punctuation in Strack's Grammatik. -- Sections on Bab. punctuation in Bauer-Leander's Grammatik. KAMPHAUSEN, A.: Das Buch Daniel u. die neuere Geschichtsforschung, 1893. -- Daniel, in SBOT, 1896. -- Daniel, in EB, 1899. KAUTZSCH, E.: Gra=atik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, 1884 (rev. by Nol- deke, GGA, 1884, 1014-23). -- Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebraische Gra=atik^26 , 1896 (= GK); Eng. tr., by A. Cowley. -- Die Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des A. T., 2 vols., 1900. -- Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament, 1902. KEIL, C. F.: Biblischer Co=entar Uber den Propheten Daniel, 1869. KENNEDY, J.: The Book of Daniel from the Christian Standpoint, London,

KENNICOTT, B.: Vetus Testamentum hebraicum cum variis Jectionibus, 2 vols., 1776, 1780, Oxford. KENT, C. F.: Sermons, Epistles and Apocalypses of Israel's Prophets,

N. Y., 1910.

KIRCHNER, G. S. L.:* Die Hauptweissagungen des Buches Daniel, 1898. KIRMSS, H. G.:* Co=entatio historico-critica exhibens descriptionem et censuram recentiam de Danielis libro opinionum, 1828.

KITTEL, R.: Biblia hebraica, ed. 1, 1905, ed. 2, 1912.

KLIEFOTH, T.: Das Buch Daniel, 1868. KNABENBAUER, J.: Co=entarius in Danielem prophetam Lamentationes et Baruch, Paris, 1891, in Cursus Scripturae Sacrae. Ki:iNIG, E.: Historisch-kritische Lehrgebaude der hebraischen Sprache, 2 vols., 1881, 1885 ( = Lgb.). -- Syntax der hebraischen Sprache, 1897 ( = Syn.).

-- Hebraisches und aramaisches Worterbuch zum A. T., ed. 1, 1910, ed.

3, 1922 ( = Hwb.). -- Die messianischen Weissagungen des A. T., 1923. -- Theologie des A. T.', 1923. KRANICHFELD, W. P.: Das Buch Daniel, 1868. KuENEN, A.: Hist.-kritische Einleitung in die Blicher des A. T., 2 vols., 18877)2,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LAMBERT, M.: l:,11,Ji "IDD in Cabana's, tvl"''" n.d. LENGERKE, C. VON.: Das Buch Daniel, 1835.

xxi

LEVIAS, A.: A Grammar of the Aramaic Idiom contained in the Babylonian Talmud, Cincinnati, 1900. LEVY, J.: Neuhebraisches und chaldaisches Worterbuch iiber die Talmudim

und Midraschim, 1876 seq.

LIDZBARSKI, M.: Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, 1898 ( = NE). -·- Ephemeris fur semitische Epigraphik, 3 vols., 1902-15 ( = Eph.). -- Altaramaische Urkunden aus Assur, 1921. -- Mandaische Liturgien (including Euting's Qolasta), 1920. LIGHTFOOT, JoHN (1602-1675): Works, ed. Pitman, 12 vols., 1825. LoHR, M.: Textkritische Vorarbeiten zu einer Erklarung des Buches Daniel, ZATW 1895, 75-103, 193-225; 1896, 17-39. -- ed. critical apparatus in Kittel's Bible. LOWTH, WM.: Commentary upon the Prophecy of Daniel and the Twelve Minor Prophets, 1726. LUTHER, M.: Die Bibel, print of the National-Bibelgesellschaft. --* Auslegung des Propheten Daniel (compilation of three works, in Walch's ed., vol. vi; for bibliography s. Rosenmiiller, p. 44). LuzzATTo, S. D.: Grammatik der biblisch-chaldaischen Sprache und des Idioms des Thalmud Babli, 1873.

MACLER, F.: Les apocalypses apocryphes de Daniel, Paris, 1895. -- L' Apocalypse arabe de Daniel, Paris, 1904. MAHAFFY, J. P.: The Empire of the Ptolemies, 1895. M11, A.: Scriptorum veterum nova collectio e vaticanis codicibus edita, 2 vols., 1825-31; vol. 1 contains Polychronius and commentarii vari- orum on Daniel. lDE MAITRES, S.): Daniel secundum Septuaginta ex tetraplis Origenis, Rome, '1772. MAI.DONAT, J. :* Commentarius in Jeremiam, Ezechielen, Danielem, Leyden, 16rr. MANCHESTER, GEORGE, DUKE OF:* Times of Daniel, Chronological and Prophetical, 1849. MARGOLIOUTH, D.S.: s. under Jephet. MARGOLIS, M. L.: Lehrbuch der aramaischen Sprache des babylonischen Talmuds, 1910. MARSHAM, JOHN:* Canon chronicus, Frankfurt, 1697. MARTI, K.: Daniel, in Kautzsch, Die Heiligen Schriften des A. T., 1894.

• Das Buch Daniel, 1901, in Marti's KHC. -- Kurzgefasste Grammatik der biblisch-aramaischen Sprache, ed. 1, 1896 (rev. by Noldeke, LCB 1896, 702, by Rahlfs, TLZ 1896, 585), ed. 2, 19rr (ed. 3*, 1925). MAURER, F.: Commentarius grammaticus criticus in Vetus Testamentum, vol. 2, Eze., Dan., Lpzg., 1838.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

xxm

NoLDEKE, T.: Mandaische Grammatik, 1875 (= MG).

-- Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik^2 , 1898 ( = SG); Eng. tr. by Crichton,

Compendious Syriac Gra=ar, London, 1904. -- Neue Beitriige zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, 1910 ( = NBSS).

OECOLAMPADIUS, J.:* In Danielem libri duo, Basel, 1530.

· PEREIRA (PERERius), B.:* Co=entariorum in Danielem prophetam libri xvi, Rome, 1586. PERLES, F.: Analekten zur Textkritik des A. T., ed. 1, 1895, ed. 2, 1922. PHILIPPE, E.:* Daniel (prophet and book), in Vigouroux, Dictionnaire de la Bible, 2, coll. 1247-1283. PoGNON, H.: Inscriptions semitiques de la Syrie, etc., 1907-08. PoLANus, A.:* In Danielem .•• commentarius, Basel, 1606. POLE, MATTHEW: Synopsis criticorum, vol. 3, 1694, Frankfurt. POLYCHRONIUS: s. under Mai. PORTER, F. C.: The Messages of the Apocalyptical Writers, N. Y., 1905. POWELL, H. H.: The Supposed Hebraisms in the Grammar of Biblical Ara- maic, Univ. of Cali£. Publications, vol. 1, 1907.

PREISWERK, H.: Der Sprachenwechsel irn Buche Daniel, Berne Diss., 1902

(rev. by Meinhold, TLZ 1904, 353). PREuscHEN, E.: Handworterbuch zu den Schriften des N. T., 1910. PRINCE, J. D.: A Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, Lpzg., 1899. PUSEY, E. B.: Daniel the Prophet (ed. 1, 1864), ed. 2, 1868.

RAHLFs, A.: Verzeichniss der griechischen Handschriften des A. T., vol. 2 of

• his Mitteilungen des Septuaginta-Unternehmens, 1914. RANKE, E.: Monographs on OLat. texts, s. Int. §10, b (1). 'RASHI' (R. Solomon b. Isaac): text in Mi]j:raoth Gedoloth; s. under Breithaupt. R~WLINSON, G.: The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, ed. 2, Chicago. RECKENDORF, H.: Arabische Syntax, 1921. REuss, E.: La Bible, Traduction nouvelle avec introduction et com- mentaires, vol. 7, 1879 = Das A. T., vol. 7, 1894. R!ESSLER, P.: Das Buch Daniel, 1899. RosENMULLER, E. F. C.: Scholia in Vetus Testamentum, pt. 10, 1832. DE Rossr, J.B.: Variae lectiones Veteris Testamenti, 4 vols., 1784-88, and supplement, Scholia critica in V. T. libros, 1798, Parma.

SAADIA: s. under Spiegel. Text of Pseudo-Saadia in Mi]j:raoth Gedoloth. SABATIER, P.: Latinae versiones antiquae seu Vetus Italica, Rome, 1751 seq. SACHAU, E.: Aramaische Papyrus und Ostraka, 19n ( = APO). SANCTIUS, C.:* Commentarius in Danielem prophetam, Lyons, 1612.

xxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY

SAYCE, A. H., and COWLEY, A.: Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, 1900 (= APA). ScHEFTELOWITz, I.: Arisches im A. T., Konigsberg Diss., 1901. -- Die altpersische Religion und das Judentum, 1920. ScHi:iTTGEN, C.: Horae hebraicae et talmudicae, 2 vols., 1733, 1742, Dresden and Lpzg. SCHRADER, E.: (Keilinschriften und das A. T. 2 ) = Eng. tr. by Whitehouse The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, 2 vols., 1888 ( = COT); also s. under Zimmern. SCHULTENS, A.: Opera minora, Leyden, 1769; pp. 320-327 Animadversiones philologicae in Danielem. SCHULTHESS, F.: Lexicon syropallistinum, 1903. -- and LITTMANN, E.: Grammatik des christlich-palastinischen Ara- maisch, 1924. SCHURER, E.: Geschichte des jUdischen Volkes^3 , 3 vols., 1904-09. SELLIN, E.: Introduction to the Old Testament, 1923 (Eng. tr.). SINKER, R.: Daniel, in Temple Bible.

SMITH, R. PAYNE: Thesaurus syriacus, 3 vols., 1879 seq.

--* Daniel i-vi, an Exposition, 1886. Si:iDERBLOM, N.: La vie future d'apres le Mazdeisme, 1901. SOLA, J.M.:* La profecia de Daniel. SPIEGEL, H.: Saadia al-Fajjumi's arabische Danielversion, Berne Diss., 1906. STADE, B.: Lehrbuch der hebraischen Grammatik, 1879. -- Biblische Theologie des A. T.; vol. 2, 19u, by A. BERTHOLET. STEVENSON, W. B.: Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic, 1924. STRACK, H. L.: Einleitung in das A. T.6, 1906. -- Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen•, 1921 (rev. by Laible, Theo!. LB, 1922, 90, Lidzbarski, TLZ, 1922, 127; earlier ed. rev. by Noldeke, LCB 1896, 304). STROSSMANN, G.:* Die Erlebnisse und Geschichte des Propheten Daniel,

STUART, MosEs: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel, Boston, 1850.

SWETE, H. B.: The Old Testament in Greek, 3 vols., 1887 seq., ed. 2, 1895

seq.

-- An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, 1900.

Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen L1tteratur, 2d

Series, 1897 seq. ( = TU).

Texts and Studies, Cambridge, 1893 seq. ( = TS). THACKERAY, H. ST. JOHN: Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek, vol. 1,

-- The Septuagint and Jewish Worship, 1921. THAYER, J. H.: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, N. Y.,