sulfonamides made easy, Schemes and Mind Maps of Pharmacology

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Antibiotics part 1

By HB

Nucleic acid inhibitors

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

Quinolones or

floroquinolones

Mechanism

Mammals (including humans) do not synthesize

folic acid—they obtain it from diet. So,

sulfonamides selectively target bacteria.

• Sulfonamides are often used with trimethoprim,

which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (next step

in folate pathway), leading to synergistic

bactericidal effect (e.g., in co-trimoxazole).

Clinical Use Drug(s) Involved Remarks Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Co-trimoxazole) Effective against E. coli and other uropathogens Respiratory Infections Co-trimoxazole Used in bronchitis, sinusitis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia Gastrointestinal Infections Sulfaguanidine, Phthalylsulfathiazole For bacterial diarrhea and dysentery (less common now) Toxoplasmosis Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine Especially for immunocompromised patients Eye Infections (Topical) Sodium Sulfacetamide Used in conjunctivitis, trachoma Burn Wounds (Topical) Silver Sulfadiazine, Mafenide Prevents and treats infections in burn injuries Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Sulfasalazine Used in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Sulfasalazine Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)