Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Student Staff Feedback Management System: Online Solution, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Web Design and Development

Best way to describe the students management system.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2019/2020

Uploaded on 05/20/2020

Abhimanyu01
Abhimanyu01 🇮🇳

5

(1)

2 documents

1 / 50

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSTUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Online student feedback system is the web based feedback collecting system from theOnline student feedback system is the web based feedback collecting system from the
students and provides the automatic generation of a feedback which is given by students. Westudents and provides the automatic generation of a feedback which is given by students. We
have develophave develop
ed student feedback system to provide feedbaced student feedback system to provide feedbac
k in k in
a quick and a quick and
the particular department. We have developed Student Staff Feedback System to providethe particular department. We have developed Student Staff Feedback System to provide
feedback in an easy and quick manner to the college principal and Hod’s. So we call it asfeedback in an easy and quick manner to the college principal and Hod’s. So we call it as
Student Staff Feedback System which delivers via the student staff interface as online systemStudent Staff Feedback System which delivers via the student staff interface as online system
which acting as a Service rovider. So we called it a student’s feedback system whichwhich acting as a Service rovider. So we called it a student’s feedback system which
delivers via the student staff interface as online system which acting as a service provider. !ydelivers via the student staff interface as online system which acting as a service provider. !y
using this technology we can make fast feedback about the staff by students on time to headusing this technology we can make fast feedback about the staff by students on time to head
of departments as they referred in online system. !y using this technology we can giveof departments as they referred in online system. !y using this technology we can give
feedback in online system as fast as compare to the e"isting paper feedback system. #hisfeedback in online system as fast as compare to the e"isting paper feedback system. #his
pro$ect pro$ect
has has
four four
kinds kinds
of of
users users
Student% Student%
Staff% Staff%
Hod’Hod’
s% s%
and and
rincipal. rincipal.
#he #he
student student
can can
givegive
feedback in online system provided by college staff. #he e"isting system carries more time tofeedback in online system provided by college staff. #he e"isting system carries more time to
do a piece of work for this reason the online system feedback is implemented. First of staffdo a piece of work for this reason the online system feedback is implemented. First of staff
can prepare questions & add% update these questions to the online system. 'fter that it wascan prepare questions & add% update these questions to the online system. 'fter that it was
viewed by the students and can give feedback about the lecturers.Students will fill onlineviewed by the students and can give feedback about the lecturers.Students will fill online
feedback using a standard form. (n this pro$ect security is also maintain that is the result offeedback using a standard form. (n this pro$ect security is also maintain that is the result of
feedback is only visible feedback is only visible
to authentic user. #his feedback report was to authentic user. #his feedback report was
checked by the Hod’s. Hechecked by the Hod’s. He
can view grades and view the grades obtained to the lecturers and give this report to thecan view grades and view the grades obtained to the lecturers and give this report to the
principal and he give counseling to the college staff.principal and he give counseling to the college staff.
EXISTING STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMEXISTING STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
)oming to the e"isting system the feedback )oming to the e"isting system the feedback
is done by manual process. (n the e"istingis done by manual process. (n the e"isting
system students can give feedback about the lecturers by using paper and pen. #he purpose ofsystem students can give feedback about the lecturers by using paper and pen. #he purpose of
this pro$ect is to make the process of taking feedback from the students in online regardingthis pro$ect is to make the process of taking feedback from the students in online regarding
the lecturer’s teaching. 's of now this task was done manually with the use of papers andthe lecturer’s teaching. 's of now this task was done manually with the use of papers and
pens. #his pens. #his
has many has many
drawbacks and drawbacks and
evaluating this evaluating this
hand written hand written
forms is forms is
a difficult a difficult
process.process.
!ut the restriction here is once the student submits the report then he cannot modify it later.!ut the restriction here is once the student submits the report then he cannot modify it later.
With this the student can successfully submit feedback on lecturer’s teaching in a veryWith this the student can successfully submit feedback on lecturer’s teaching in a very
efficient manner without any loss of data. #he administrator and the faculty members canefficient manner without any loss of data. #he administrator and the faculty members can
access these feedbacks from the students and take appropriate actions. !y this process.access these feedbacks from the students and take appropriate actions. !y this process.
Student can give feedback in online system without waste his time in writing. 'fter givingStudent can give feedback in online system without waste his time in writing. 'fter giving
feedback by every student. With this% the institutes can access the feedback reports in a fasterfeedback by every student. With this% the institutes can access the feedback reports in a faster
way and without any loss of data.#his age *ay )ontain What is student staff feedbackway and without any loss of data.#his age *ay )ontain What is student staff feedback
system on +ava 'nd ,atest (nformation-ews 'bout student staff feedback system on +ava%(fsystem on +ava 'nd ,atest (nformation-ews 'bout student staff feedback system on +ava%(f
ot ot
/se /se
Search.apers Search.apers
are are
collected collected
by by
the the
Hod’Hod’
s s
and and
calculate calculate
the the
overall overall
grade grade
for for
eacheach
sub$ect and each lecturer. Student needs to logging into the website of online feedback systemsub$ect and each lecturer. Student needs to logging into the website of online feedback system
and giving his-her feedback and can perform modifications too. Online Student Feedbackand giving his-her feedback and can perform modifications too. Online Student Feedback
SysSys
tem ro$etem ro$e
ct ct
##
opiopi
cs% cs%
One studeOne stude
nt nt
is is
allall
oweowe
d d
to to
givgiv
e e
onlonl
y y
one feedbone feedb
ack ack
in in
one turn0one turn0
howevhowev
er they are er they are
allowallow
ed to ed to
changchang
e it e it
at any at any
time 'ftime 'f
ter that those all ter that those all
grade report is viewedgrade report is viewed
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30
pf31
pf32

Partial preview of the text

Download Student Staff Feedback Management System: Online Solution and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Web Design and Development in PDF only on Docsity!

STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSTUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Online student feedback system is the web based feedback collecting system from theOnline student feedback system is the web based feedback collecting system from the students and provides the automatic generation of a feedback which is given by students. Westudents and provides the automatic generation of a feedback which is given by students. We have develophave developed student feedback system to provide feedbaced student feedback system to provide feedback ink in a quick anda quick and easy manner toeasy manner to the particular department. We have developed Student Staff Feedback System to providethe particular department. We have developed Student Staff Feedback System to provide feedback in an easy and quick manner to the college principal and Hod’s. So we call it asfeedback in an easy and quick manner to the college principal and Hod’s. So we call it as Student Staff Feedback System which delivers via the student staff interface as online systemStudent Staff Feedback System which delivers via the student staff interface as online system which acting as a Service rovider. So we called it a student’s feedback system whichwhich acting as a Service rovider. So we called it a student’s feedback system which delivers via the student staff interface as online system which acting as a service provider. !ydelivers via the student staff interface as online system which acting as a service provider. !y using this technology we can make fast feedback about the staff by students on time to headusing this technology we can make fast feedback about the staff by students on time to head of departments as they referred in online system. !y using this technology we can giveof departments as they referred in online system. !y using this technology we can give feedback in online system as fast as compare to the e"isting paper feedback system. #hisfeedback in online system as fast as compare to the e"isting paper feedback system. #his pro$ectpro$ect hashas fourfour kindskinds ofof usersusers Student%Student% Staff%Staff% Hod’Hod’s%s% andand rincipal.rincipal. #he#he studentstudent cancan givegive feedback in online system provided by college staff. #he e"isting system carries more time tofeedback in online system provided by college staff. #he e"isting system carries more time to do a piece of work for this reason the online system feedback is implemented. First of staffdo a piece of work for this reason the online system feedback is implemented. First of staff can prepare questions & add% update these questions to the online system. 'fter that it wascan prepare questions & add% update these questions to the online system. 'fter that it was viewed by the students and can give feedback about the lecturers.Students will fill onlineviewed by the students and can give feedback about the lecturers.Students will fill online feedback using a standard form. (n this pro$ect security is also maintain that is the result offeedback using a standard form. (n this pro$ect security is also maintain that is the result of feedback is only visiblefeedback is only visible to authentic user. #his feedback report wasto authentic user. #his feedback report was checked by the Hod’s. Hechecked by the Hod’s. He can view grades and view the grades obtained to the lecturers and give this report to thecan view grades and view the grades obtained to the lecturers and give this report to the principal and he give counseling to the college staff.principal and he give counseling to the college staff. EXISTING STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMEXISTING STUDENT STAFF FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM )oming to the e"isting system the feedback)oming to the e"isting system the feedback is done by manual process. (n the e"istingis done by manual process. (n the e"isting system students can give feedback about the lecturers by using paper and pen. #he purpose ofsystem students can give feedback about the lecturers by using paper and pen. #he purpose of this pro$ect is to make the process of taking feedback from the students in online regardingthis pro$ect is to make the process of taking feedback from the students in online regarding the lecturer’s teaching. 's of now this task was done manually with the use of papers andthe lecturer’s teaching. 's of now this task was done manually with the use of papers and pens. #hispens. #his has manyhas many drawbacks anddrawbacks and evaluating thisevaluating this hand writtenhand written forms isforms is a difficulta difficult process.process. !ut the restriction here is once the student submits the report then he cannot modify it later.!ut the restriction here is once the student submits the report then he cannot modify it later. With this the student can successfully submit feedback on lecturer’s teaching in a veryWith this the student can successfully submit feedback on lecturer’s teaching in a very efficient manner without any loss of data. #he administrator and the faculty members canefficient manner without any loss of data. #he administrator and the faculty members can access these feedbacks from the students and take appropriate actions. !y this process.access these feedbacks from the students and take appropriate actions. !y this process. Student can give feedback in online system without waste his time in writing. 'fter givingStudent can give feedback in online system without waste his time in writing. 'fter giving feedback by every student. With this% the institutes can access the feedback reports in a fasterfeedback by every student. With this% the institutes can access the feedback reports in a faster way and without any loss of data.#his age *ay )ontain What is student staff feedbackway and without any loss of data.#his age *ay )ontain What is student staff feedback system on +ava 'nd ,atest (nformation-ews 'bout student staff feedback system on +ava%(fsystem on +ava 'nd ,atest (nformation-ews 'bout student staff feedback system on +ava%(f otot /se/se Search.apersSearch.apers areare collectedcollected byby thethe Hod’Hod’ss andand calculatecalculate thethe overalloverall gradegrade forfor eacheach sub$ect and each lecturer. Student needs to logging into the website of online feedback systemsub$ect and each lecturer. Student needs to logging into the website of online feedback system and giving his-her feedback and can perform modifications too. Online Student Feedbackand giving his-her feedback and can perform modifications too. Online Student Feedback SysSystem ro$etem ro$ectct ##opiopics%cs% One studeOne studentnt isis allalloweowedd toto givgivee onlonlyy one feedbone feedbackack inin one turn0one turn howevhowever they areer they are allowallowed toed to changchange ite it at anyat any time 'ftime 'fter that those allter that those all grade report is viewedgrade report is viewed

students on time to head of departments as they referred in online system. #his recogni5esstudents on time to head of departments as they referred in online system. #his recogni5es that whilst the information remains the property of the )ollege.that whilst the information remains the property of the )ollege. Students should be told how the feedback will be sStudents should be told how the feedback will be s ubmitted% when and how the resultsubmitted% when and how the results wilwilll bebe pubpublislishedhed%% andand thathatt thetheirir concontritributbutionion isis impimportortantant andand taktakenen seriseriousouslyly.. uniunitsts toto impimplemlementent modmoduleule feedfeedbacbackk systsystemem andand stustudendentt ,ea,earnirning%ng% StuStudendent1St1Staftafff roro$ec$ectt isis co1co ordinated by a Student Feedback on *odules. #he Head of 2epartment should discuss aordinated by a Student Feedback on *odules. #he Head of 2epartment should discuss a dispassionate summary of the feedback on each course with the lecturers concerned0 #hesedispassionate summary of the feedback on each course with the lecturers concerned0 #hese feedback reports were checked by the Hod’s. He can view overall grades and view the gradesfeedback reports were checked by the Hod’s. He can view overall grades and view the grades obtained to the lecturers andobtained to the lecturers and give this report to the principalgive this report to the principal and he can give counseling to theand he can give counseling to the collegcollegee stafstaff. 'n analysis off. 'n analysis of questiquestionnaionnairere returnreturnss which concern the department aswhich concern the department as aa wholwholee should be published within the department% and referred to as appropriate in the 'nnualshould be published within the department% and referred to as appropriate in the 'nnual 3eview report. ro$ect *anagement Suite. H3 (nformation System0 >mployee Self Service03eview report. ro$ect *anagement Suite. H3 (nformation System0 >mployee Self Service Feedback *anagement System% Student Feedback% 's compared to theFeedback *anagement System% Student Feedback% 's compared to the manual system% onlinemanual system% online system is very simple to use and also understand.system is very simple to use and also understand. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES ?; 2ecision making power is provided by this system.?; 2ecision making power is provided by this system. 7; 'ccurate result can be7; 'ccurate result can be obtained.obtained. 8; #his system makes Selection process more effective8; #his system makes Selection process more effective @; #@; #o increaseo increase efficiency proposed system isefficiency proposed system is depend on classification method.depend on classification method. :; roposed system is used to reduce confusion at the time of processing feedback:; roposed system is used to reduce confusion at the time of processing feedback averageaverage

SAS#>SAS#> (,>>#'(,>>#'#(O#(O

(n this pro$ect we implemented the system which works on the concept of online(n this pro$ect we implemented the system which works on the concept of online feedback from students which is the replacement of e"isting paper feedback system which isfeedback from students which is the replacement of e"isting paper feedback system which is soso comcompliplicatecatedd metmethodhod forfor finfindindingg anan aveaveragragee forfor parparticticulaularr subsub$ect$ect feedfeedbacbackk whiwhichch isis subsubmitmittedted byby stustudendents. #hists. #his propro$ec$ectt hashas foufourr kinkindsds ofof useusersrs StuStudendent%t% StaStaffff%% HodHod’’s%s% andand rincipal. (n this system we have design main three forms student login form% admin loginrincipal. (n this system we have design main three forms student login form% admin login form% faculty login form. Student will login in their login form with proper id and passwordform% faculty login form. Student will login in their login form with proper id and password which is provided by admin at the time of registration. #he student can give feedback inwhich is provided by admin at the time of registration. #he student can give feedback in onlinonlinee system provsystem provided by college staff. Firstided by college staff. First of staff canof staff can preparpreparee questquestions and add%ions and add% updatupdatee these questions to the online system. 'fter that if student want any changes in his profile thenthese questions to the online system. 'fter that if student want any changes in his profile then there is an option for edit such particular information of his own. ro$ects Skip to contentthere is an option for edit such particular information of his own. ro$ects Skip to content Skip to content0 Online Student Feedback System. Student Feedback. 8. 3eports. 'fter thatSkip to content0 Online Student Feedback System. Student Feedback. 8. 3eports. 'fter that the sub$ect contains page is displayed% where the sub$ect is located in it and as per thethe sub$ect contains page is displayed% where the sub$ect is located in it and as per the selection from student students continued to their feedback after this page the feedback pageselection from student students continued to their feedback after this page the feedback page is displayed. #his system can be developed using 'fter that it was viewed by the students andis displayed. #his system can be developed using 'fter that it was viewed by the students and can givecan give feedfeedbacbackk aboaboutut the lecturthe lecturers. #his pageers. #his page concontaintainss aa forformm whiwhichch incincludludeses sucsuchh questions about the teachers where it contains some simple question regarding particularquestions about the teachers where it contains some simple question regarding particular sub$ect faculty. 'fter giving the feedback the page appeared which contains a message likesub$ect faculty. 'fter giving the feedback the page appeared which contains a message like you are feedback is submitted. #hen after feedback is submitted there is a log out button afteryou are feedback is submitted. #hen after feedback is submitted there is a log out button after click on it student will successfully log out from their profile. (n main page it contains someclick on it student will successfully log out from their profile. (n main page it contains some hyperlinks like contact us% frequently ask questions% and submit the queries. 'nd containshyperlinks like contact us% frequently ask questions% and submit the queries. 'nd contains three particular modules like student login% admin login% staff login etc. 'dmin will fill thethree particular modules like student login% admin login% staff login etc. 'dmin will fill the information of students as well as view their feedback% add and delete student and generateinformation of students as well as view their feedback% add and delete student and generate the average report of that feedback. 'fter that log out button occurs and admin simply logoutthe average report of that feedback. 'fter that log out button occurs and admin simply logout from the system. Student will login by using user id and password and after the login pagefrom the system. Student will login by using user id and password and after the login page will be open contains sub$ects% suggestion bo"% submit suggestions% submit fewill be open contains sub$ects% suggestion bo"% submit suggestions% submit fe edback and afteredback and after their occurs a log out button for logout successfully from the system.their occurs a log out button for logout successfully from the system. O2/,>S OF S#/2># F>>2!')B ''C>># SAS#>O2/,>S OF S#/2># F>>2!')B ''C>># SAS#> #he proposed system consists of four modules6#he proposed system consists of four modules Student 6Student 6 Student can give the feedback about the lecturers on the scale of five. Students canStudent can give the feedback about the lecturers on the scale of five. Students can give feed back about the lecturer based on interaction of lecturer in the class room withgive feed back about the lecturer based on interaction of lecturer in the class room with students. Here we shared complete list of student pro$ects that we shared in this page.students. Here we shared complete list of student pro$ects that we shared in this page. Screenshot of >mployee andScreenshot of >mployee and ayroll System0 ro$ectayroll System0 ro$ect S3S. (>>> Standard S3S. 'ccording toS3S. (>>> Standard S3S. 'ccording to that% students can give feedback as per the given grades.that% students can give feedback as per the given grades.

PROJECT ANALYASIS

STUDY OF THE SYSTEM:

MODULE DESCRIPTION

#he pro$ect is mainly divided into three modules. #hey are ?; Student module 7 ; Staff module 8; Head of the departments module @; rincipal module DESCRIPTION: S#/2># *O2/,> #he student will have the authorities on this as following ?; 'dd questions 7; /pdate questions 8; Diew questions @; Civing feedback about the lecturers 'dd questions (n this module the student or staff or Hod’s can add questions if he is interested to add another question to database to rate the lecturers. Civing feedback about the lecturers (n this student can give feedback about the lecturer according to questions given in the database

S#'FF *O2/,>

#he staff will have the authorities on this as following ?; 'dd questions 7; /pdate questions 8; Diew questions @; Diew report 'dd questions (n this module the student or staff or Hod’s can add questions if he is interested to add another question to database to rate the lecturers. /pdate questions (n this module the student or staff or Hod’s can update questions. Diew questions (n this module students can view all questions in the database to give feedback about the lecturers Diew report 'fter giving feedback by the students0 lecturers% Hod’s% principal can view report

interface 4C/(; applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by 'S.>#% such as Web Forms and E, Web services. #he .># Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes and initiate the e"ecution of managed code% thereby creating a software environment that can e"ploit both managed and unmanaged features. #he .># Framework not only provides several runtime hosts% but also supports the development of third1party runtime hosts. For e"ample% 'S.># hosts the runtime to provide a scalable% server1side environment for managed code. 'S.># works directly with the runtime to enable Web Forms applications and E, Web services% both of which are discussed later in this topic.(nternet >"plorer is an e"ample of an unmanaged application that hosts the runtime 4in the form of a (> type e"tension;. /sing (nternet >"plorer to host the runtime enables you to embed managed components or Windows Forms controls in H#, documents. Hosting the runtime in this way makes managed mobile code 4similar to icrosoft 'ctiveE controls; possible% but with significant improvements that only managed code can offer% such as semi1trusted e"ecution and secure isolated file storage. #he following illustration shows the relationship of the common language runtime and the class library to your applications and to the overall system. #he illustration also shows how managed code operates within a larger architecture. F%#!(r%s o !)% Co$$o L#+(#+% R(*!i$% #he common language runtime manages memory% thread e"ecution% code e"ecution% code safety verification% compilation% and other system services. #hese features are intrinsic to the managed code that runs on the common language runtime. With regards to security% managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust% depending on a number of factors that include their origin 4such as the (nternet% enterprise network% or local computer;. #his means that a managed component might or might not be able to perform file1access operations% registry1access operations% or other sensitive functions% even if it is being used in the same active application.

#he runtime enforces code access security. For e"ample% users can trust that an e"ecutable embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song% but cannot access their personal data% file system% or network. #he security features of the runtime thus enable legitimate (nternet1deployed software to be e"ceptionally feature rich. #he runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type 1 and code 1 verification infrastructure called the common type system 4)#S;. #he )#S ensures that all managed code is self1describing. #he various icrosoft and third1party language compilers Cenerate managed code that conforms to the )#S. #his means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances% while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety. (n addition% the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software issues. For e"ample% the runtime automatically handles ob$ect layout and manages references to ob$ects% releasing them when they are no longer being used. #his automatic memory management resolves the two most common application errors% memory leaks and invalid memory references. #he runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For e"ample% programmers can write applications in their development language of choice% yet take full advantage of the runtime% the class library% and components written in other languages by other developers. 'ny compiler vendor who chooses to target the runtime can do so. ,anguage compilers that target the .># Framework make the features of the .># Framework available to e"isting code written in that language% greatly easing the migration process for e"isting applications. While the runtime is designed for the software of the future% it also supports software of today and yesterday. (nteroperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to continue to use necessary )O components and 2,,s. #he runtime is designed to enhance performance. 'lthough the common language runtime provides many standard runtime services% managed c ode is never interpreted. ' feature called $ust1in1time 4+(#; compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the system on which it is e"ecuting. *eanwhile% the memory manager removes the

For e"ample% the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types that vastly simplify Windows C/( development. (f you write an 'S.># Web Form application% you can use the Web Forms classes. C,i%! A//,ic#!io D%0%,o/$%*! )lient applications are the closest to a traditional style of application in Windows1based programming. #hese are the types of applications that display windows or forms on the desktop% enabling a user to perform a task. )lient applications include applications such as word processors and spreadsheets% as well as custom business applications such as data1entry tools% reporting tools% and so on. )lient applications usually employ windows% menus% buttons% and other C/( elements% and they likely access local resources such as the file system and peripherals such as printers. 'nother kind of client application is the traditional 'ctiveE control 4now replaced by the managed Windows Forms control; deployed over the (nternet as a Web page. #his application is much like other client applications6 it is e"ecuted natively% has access to local resources% and includes graphical elements. (n the past% developers created such applications using )-) in con$unction with the icrosoft Foundation )lasses 4F); or with a rapid application development 43'2; environment such as *icrosoft Disual !asic. #he .># Framework incorporates aspects of these e"isting products into a single% consistent development environment that drastically simplifies the development of client applications. #he Windows Forms classes contained in the .># Framework are designed to be used for C/( development. Aou can easily create command windows% buttons% menus% toolbars% and other screen elements with the fle"ibility necessary to accommodate shifting business needs. For e"ample% the .># Framework provides simple properties to ad$ust visual attributes associated with forms. (n some cases the underlying operating system does not support changing these attributes directly% and in these cases the .># Framework automatically recreates the forms. #his is one of many ways in which the .># Framework integrates the developer interface% making coding simpler and more consistent.

/nlike 'ctiveE controls% Windows Forms controls have semi1trusted access to a user=s computer. #his means that binary or natively e"ecuting code can access some of the resources on the user=s system 4such as C/( elements and limited file access; without being able to access or compromise other resources. !ecause of code access security% many applications that once needed to be installed on a user=s system can now be safely deployed through the Web. Aour applications can implement the features of a local application while being deployed like a Web page. C1"N%! or Wi2o&s A//,ic#!io Overview of the .># Framework #he .># Framework is a managed type1safe environment for application development and e"ecution. #he .># Framework manages all aspects of your program’s e"ecution. (t allocates memory for the storage of data and instructions% grants or denies the appropriate permissions to your application% initiates and manages application e"ecution% and manages the reallocation of memory from resources that are no longer needed. #he .># Framework consists of two main components6 the common language runtime and the .># Framework class library. #he common language runtime can be thought of as the environment that manages code e"ecution. (t provides core services% such as code compilation% memory allocation% thread management% and garbage collection. #hrough the common type system 4)#S;% it enforces strict type1safety and ensures that code is e"ecuted in a safe environment by also enforcing code access security. #he .># Framework class library provides a collection of useful and reusable types that are designed to integrate with the common language runtime. #he types provided by the .># Framework are ob$ect1oriented and fully e"tensible% and they allow you to seamlessly integrate your applications with the .># Framework. ,anguages and the .># Framework #he .># Framework is designed for cross1language compatibility% which means% simply% that .># components can interact with each other no matter what supported language they were written in originally. So% an application written in *icrosoft Disual !asic .># might

#he Structure of a .># 'pplication #o understand how the common language runtime manages code e"ecution% you must e"amine the structure of a .># application. #he primary unit of a .># application is the assembly. 'n assembly is a self1describing collection of code% resources% and metadata. #he assembly manifest contains information about what is contained within the assembly. #he assembly manifest provides  (dentity information% such as the assembly’s name and version number  ' list of all types e"posed by the assembly  ' list of other assemblies required by the assembly  ' list of code access security instructions% including permissions required by the assembly and permissions to be denied the assembly

ach assembly has one and only one assembly manifest% and it contains all the description information for the assembly. However% the assembly manifest can be contained in its own file or within one of the assembly’s modules.

'n assembly contains one or more modules. ' module contains the code that makes up your application or library% and it contains metadata that describes that code. When you compile a pro$ect into an assembly% your code is converted from high1level code to (,. !ecause all managed code is first converted to (, code% applications written in different languages can easily interact. For e"ample% one developer might write an application in Disual )I that accesses a 2,, in Disual !asic .>#. !oth resources will be converted to (, modules before being e"ecuted% thus avoiding any language1incompatibility issues.

ach module also contains a number of types. #ypes are templates that describe a set of data encapsulation and functionality. #here are two kinds of types6 reference types 4classes; and value types 4structures;. #hese types are discussed in greater detail in ,esson 7 of this chapter. >ach type is described to the common language runtime in the assembly manifest. ' type can contain fields% properties% and methods% each of which should be related to a common functionality. For e"ample% you might have a class that represents a bank account. (t contains fields% properties% and methods related to the functions needed to implement a bank account. ' field represents storage of a particular type of data. One field might store the name of an account holder% for e"ample. roperties are similar to fields% but properties usually provide some kind of validationwhen data is set or retrieved. Aou might have a property that represents an account balance. When an attempt is made to change the value% the property can check to see if the attempted change is greater than a predetermined limit. (f the value is greater than the limit% the property does not allow the change. *ethods represent behavior% such as actions taken on data stored within the class or changes to the user interface. )ontinuing with the bank account e"ample% you might have a #ransfer method that transfers a balance from a checking account to a savings account% or an 'lert method that warns users when their balances fall below a predetermined level.

compiled% the code is e"ecuted and stored in memory as native code. #hus% each portion of code is compiled only once when an application e"ecutes. Whenever program e"ecution branches to code that has not yet run% the +(# compiler compiles it ahead of e"ecution and stores it in memory as binary code. #his way% application performance is ma"imi5ed because only the parts of a program that are e"ecuted are compiled. 76 #he .># !ase )lass ,ibrary  #he .># base class library is a collection of ob$ect1oriented types and interfaces that provide ob$ect models and services for many of the comple" programming tasks you will face. *ost of the types presented by the .># base class library are fully e"tensible% allowing you to build types that incorporate your own functionality into your managed code. #he .># Framework base class library contains the base classes that provide many of the services and ob$ects you need when writing your applications. #he class library is organi5ed into namespaces. ' namespace is a logical grouping of types that perform related functions. For e"ample% the System.Windows.Forms namespace contains all the types that make up Windows forms and the controls used in those forms. amespaces are logical groupings of related classes. #he namespaces in the .># base class library are organi5ed hierarchically. #he root of the .># Framework is the System namespace. Other namespaces can be accessed with the period operator. ' typical namespace construction appears as follows System System.2ata System.2ata.S<,)lient #he first e"ample refers to the System namespace. #he second refers to the System.2ata namespace. #he third e"ample refers to the System.2ata.S<,)lient namespace. #able ?.? introduces some of the more commonly used .># base class namespaces.

Table 1-1.3epresentative .># amespaces amespace 2escription System #his namespace is the root for many of the low1level types required by the .># Framework. (t is the root for primitive data types as well% and it is the root for all the other namespaces in the .># base class library. System.)ollections #his namespace contains classes that represent a variety of different container types% such as 'rray,ist% Sorted,ist% <ueue% and Stack. Aou also can find abstract classes% such as )ollection!ase% which are useful for implementing your own collection functionality. System.)omponent*odel #his namespace contains classes involved in component creation and containment% such as attributes% type converters% and license providers. System.2ata #his namespace contains classes required for database access and manipulations% as well as additional namespaces used for data access. System.2ata.)ommon #his namespace contains a set of classes that are shared by the .># managed data providers. System.2ata.Ole2b #his namespace contains classes that make up the managed data provider for O,> 2! data access. System.2ata.S<,)lient #his namespace contains classes that are optimi5ed for interacting with icrosoft S<, Server. System.2rawing #his namespace e"poses C2( functionality and provides classes that facilitate graphics rendering. System.(O (n this namespace% you will find types for handling file system (-O. System.ath #his namespace is home to common mathematics functions such as e"tracting roots and trigonometry.