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SNHU BIOL 4310: VISION AND PHOTORECEPTION EXAM 1 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIO, Exams of Biology

Buckinghamshire New UniversityBiology

SNHU BIOL 4310: VISION AND PHOTORECEPTION EXAM 1 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/12/2025

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SNHU BIOL 4310: VISION AND PHOTORECEPTION
EXAM 1 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE
SOLUTIONS
1.
Describe how horizontal cells contribute to the processing of visual
information in the retina.
Horizontal cells mediate interactions between photoreceptors
and bipolar cells, enhancing contrast through lateral inhibition.
Horizontal cells directly transduce light signals into neural
impulses.
Horizontal cells are responsible for color detection in the retina.
Horizontal cells connect ganglion cells to photoreceptors.
2.
If a new species is discovered with unique photopigments, how might
microspectrophotometry be utilized to investigate its visual capabilities?
By analyzing the structural composition of its eyes to infer visual
capabilities.
By assessing the environmental light conditions it inhabits.
By comparing its visual behavior to that of known species.
By measuring the absorption spectra of its photopigments to
determine their sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
3.
Vision or Sight: What is the visible light range for the electromagnetic
spectrum?
400-700
1-
100
200-800
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d

Partial preview of the text

Download SNHU BIOL 4310: VISION AND PHOTORECEPTION EXAM 1 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE SOLUTIO and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

SNHU BIOL 4310: VISION AND PHOTORECEPTION

EXAM 1 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE

SOLUTIONS

  1. Describe how horizontal cells contribute to the processing of visual information in the retina. Horizontal cells mediate interactions between photoreceptors and bipolar cells, enhancing contrast through lateral inhibition. Horizontal cells directly transduce light signals into neural impulses. Horizontal cells are responsible for color detection in the retina. Horizontal cells connect ganglion cells to photoreceptors.
  2. If a new species is discovered with unique photopigments, how might microspectrophotometry be utilized to investigate its visual capabilities? By analyzing the structural composition of its eyes to infer visual capabilities. By assessing the environmental light conditions it inhabits. By comparing its visual behavior to that of known species. By measuring the absorption spectra of its photopigments to determine their sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
  3. Vision or Sight: What is the visible light range for the electromagnetic spectrum? 400 - 700 1 - 100 200 - 800
  • 100 -
  1. What type of cells do amacrine cells primarily contact in the retina? Photoreceptor cells Retinal pigment epithelium Bipolar and ganglion cells Horizontal cells
  2. If researchers were to study the effects of another photoreceptor on circadian rhythms in mice, what outcome might they expect if that photoreceptor also plays a role similar to opn4? Circadian phase shifting may be altered but not completely eliminated. Circadian phase shifting will increase significantly. Circadian phase shifting will be completely abolished. There will be no change in circadian phase shifting.
  3. A light source has a wavelength of 1 × 10^−6 m. What is its frequency? Assume c = 3 × 10^8 m/s. 0.33 × 10^- 14 Hz 0.003 Hz 3 × 10^6 Hz 3 × 10^14 Hz 3 × 10^2 Hz
  4. Describe the location and function of bipolar cells within the retina. Bipolar cells are responsible for detecting color and are located in the outer plexiform layer. Bipolar cells have their cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and their axons in the inner plexiform layer (IPL),

connecting photoreceptors to ganglion cells. Bipolar cells are located in the outer nuclear layer and transmit signals to the lens of the eye. Bipolar cells are found in the ganglion cell layer and connect directly to the optic nerve.

  1. Describe how an electroretinogram can be used to assess the effects of light on vision. An electroretinogram analyzes the biochemical changes in the eye due to light exposure. An electroretinogram evaluates the structural integrity of the eye under different light conditions. An electroretinogram assesses behavioral changes in response to light stimuli. An electroretinogram measures the electrical responses of photoreceptors in the retina when exposed to light, indicating how light affects visual processing.
  2. What is the subfamily designation of TRP and TRPL channels? TRPM TRPA TRPC TRPV
  3. Describe the significance of melanopsin in the context of photoreception and its physiological roles. Melanopsin plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms and anxiety responses to light stimuli. Melanopsin is a type of rod photoreceptor found in the retina.
  1. Describe how microspectrophotometry contributes to our understanding of photoreception in various species. Microspectrophotometry is used to determine the structural differences in photoreceptors among species. Microspectrophotometry helps in identifying the types of photoreceptors present in an organism. Microspectrophotometry measures the overall light intensity in an environment. Microspectrophotometry allows researchers to measure the light absorption characteristics of photopigments, enhancing our understanding of how different species perceive light.
  2. Describe the role of the cilium in the structure of photoreceptors. The cilium acts as a protective barrier for the photoreceptors. The cilium connects the outer segment to the inner segment, facilitating the transport of proteins necessary for phototransduction. The cilium is responsible for the absorption of light in the outer segment. The cilium helps in the regeneration of photopigments.
  3. What type of eye does Nautiloids have? Eye cup Camera lens eye Pinhole eye Light sensitive cells (no directional function)
  4. What is the primary function of the INAD protein in the invertebrate phototransduction cascade?

G protein Rhodopsin Arrestin Scaffolding protein

  1. If a researcher is studying the photoreceptive responses of a species in varying light conditions, which measurement would be most relevant to their experiments? lux watts candela lumen
  2. Describe the difference between compound refractive superposition eyes and compound refractive apposition eyes in insects. Both types of eyes function identically in image formation. Compound refractive superposition eyes gather light from multiple facets to create a single image, while compound refractive apposition eyes focus light from individual facets to form separate images. Superposition eyes are found only in nocturnal insects. Compound refractive apposition eyes are more efficient in low light than superposition eyes.
  3. What is the primary purpose of microspectrophotometry in the study of photoreceptors? To analyze the structure of photoreceptors To quantify the amount of light emitted by photoreceptors To assess the color perception in different species

third eye pineal organ diencephalon eye

  1. If a researcher is studying the visual capabilities of a nocturnal insect, which type of compound eye would they likely find more advantageous for low-light conditions? compound refractive superposition eyes simple eyes dorsal ocelli compound refractive apposition eyes
  2. Describe how noise can affect the process of phototransduction in visual systems. Noise has no effect on phototransduction processes. Noise enhances the signal received by photoreceptors, improving visual clarity. Noise only affects the structural integrity of photoreceptors. Noise can interfere with the clarity of the signal received by photoreceptors, leading to inaccurate visual perception.
  3. In which part of vertebrate photoreceptors does phototransduction occur? Synaptic terminal Cell body Inner segment Outer segment
  1. Weak stimulus releases ________ neurotransmitter. While a strong stimulus produces a ________ frequency of action potentials leading to _______ neurotransmitter release. little; lower; more more; lower; less more; higher; less little; higher; more
  2. What is photopic vision? Using cones in lighted conditions seeing in low light viewing close objects using rods to view peripheral objects
  3. Describe how the binding of IP3 affects calcium levels in the context of the rhabdomeric phototransduction cascade. IP3 directly activates TRP channels without affecting calcium levels. The binding of IP3 to IP3 gated channels leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. IP3 inhibits the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. IP3 prevents calcium from entering the cell.
  4. If a new photoreceptor was discovered that could restore light detection in triple KO mice, what potential impact could this have on their circadian rhythms? It could potentially restore their circadian rhythms to normal functioning.
  1. If a researcher wants to study the impact of light on anxiety levels in a specific species, which method would be most appropriate to implement and why? A combination of all three methods for a comprehensive analysis. Behavioral testing, as it allows observation of changes in anxiety-related behaviors in response to light exposure. Electrophysiological methods, as they provide direct measurements of neural responses to light. Biochemical assays, as they can quantify changes in hormone levels related to anxiety.
  2. Describe the significance of voltage gated sodium channels in the process of phototransduction. Voltage gated sodium channels are responsible for the synthesis of photopigments in the eye. Voltage gated sodium channels are involved in the detoxification of light-sensitive compounds in the retina. Voltage gated sodium channels are crucial for the generation of action potentials in response to light stimuli, allowing for the transmission of visual signals. Voltage gated sodium channels primarily regulate the flow of potassium ions in the photoreceptors.
  3. Describe how the visual fields are processed by the eyes and the implications for visual perception. The left visual field activates both temporal areas of the eyes, leading to confusion in perception. The right visual field activates the nasal area of both eyes, which is crucial for depth perception.

The left visual field activates the nasal area of the left eye and the temporal area of the right eye, allowing for a combined perception. The visual fields are processed independently by each eye without any overlap.

  1. What is the role of the SMC in photoreceptor cells? Connects the rhabdomere to the cell body Absorbs light for phototransduction Transmits signals to the brain Regulates circadian rhythms
  2. In a study examining the effects of environmental light pollution on nocturnal animals, what role might noise play in their visual perception? Noise will enhance their visual perception, allowing them to navigate better at night. Noise will have no impact on their visual perception due to their adaptation to darkness. Noise may disrupt their ability to accurately perceive light signals, affecting their behavior and circadian rhythms. Noise will only affect their auditory perception, not their visual perception.
  3. What is the main role of horizontal cells in the visual system? Lateral inhibition Motion perception Phototransduction Color detection

Xenopus

  1. Describe the significance of radiance and luminance in the context of visual perception. Radiance and luminance are irrelevant to visual perception. Radiance measures the total light emitted, while luminance measures the light reflected from a surface. Radiance and luminance are crucial for understanding how light interacts with surfaces and how it is perceived by the visual system. Radiance is used to measure color, while luminance measures brightness.
  2. What type of light is most effective in suppressing melatonin production? Red light Green light Ultraviolet light Blue light
  3. Describe the significance of the SMC in the structure of photoreceptor cells. The SMC regulates the production of melanopsin in photoreceptors. The SMC connects the rhabdomere to the cell body, facilitating signal transmission. The SMC absorbs light to initiate phototransduction. The SMC is responsible for the structural integrity of the eye.
  1. Describe the significance of chambered pinhole eyes in the evolution of visual systems. Chambered pinhole eyes are the most advanced form of vision in cephalopods. Chambered pinhole eyes have no evolutionary significance in visual systems. Chambered pinhole eyes are primarily used for detecting motion rather than forming images. Chambered pinhole eyes represent an evolutionary step towards more complex lensed eyes, allowing for improved image formation.
  2. The biochemical cascade of phototransduction occurs exclusively in which of the following portions of a photoreceptor cell? Myoid region of the inner segment Synaptic terminal Ellipsoid region of the inner segment Outer segment Nucleus
  3. What is the primary role of bipolar cells in the visual system? Detect light stimuli directly Transmit signals from ganglion cells to the brain Regulate circadian rhythms Connect rods and cones to ganglion cells
  4. What are the three methods mentioned for testing the effects of light? 1. behavioral, 2. electrophysiological- using an electroretinogram, 3. biochemical

The species will develop eyes that are only sensitive to high- intensity light.

  1. Describe the significance of the pigment cell in the eye of Saccocirrus sp. and how it contributes to its function. The pigment cell functions independently of the photoreceptor cell. The pigment cell adds directionality by absorbing light, enhancing the eye's ability to detect light from specific directions. The pigment cell helps in the formation of images in the eye. The pigment cell is responsible for color vision in the eye.
  2. Describe the significance of inducing an ectopic lens in a newt after eye cup transplantation. It proves that newts have a fixed visual system. It shows that newts cannot regenerate eye structures. Inducing an ectopic lens demonstrates the plasticity of the visual system and its ability to adapt to changes. It indicates that eye cups have no role in lens formation.
  3. What was the effect of opn4 knockout (KO) on circadian phase shifting in mice? Reduced in time but not fully extinguished Completely extinguished Increased in time No effect
  1. What are the three primary parameters of light mentioned in the context of vision? intensity, wavelength, polarization color, brightness, contrast frequency, amplitude, phase speed, direction, intensity
  2. If a mutation occurs in the TRPC channel gene, what potential effect could this have on an organism's ability to perceive light? Increased sensitivity to light Altered circadian rhythms Impaired phototransduction Enhanced visual acuity
  3. The part of a visual photoreceptor in which the detection of light (signal transduction) is initiated is the nucleus. outer segment. inner segment. Golgi stacks. synaptic terminal.
  4. The unit that is used for measurement of illuminance is which of the following? Rad Nit Lux