short for biological diversity, refers to the variety and variability of life, Lecture notes of Ecosystem Modelling

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iL CONTENTS Introduction . Concept of Biodiversity and its types . Distribution of Biodiversity . Biodiversity and balance of Nature A 3 4 os 6 Wh 8 G) Benefits of Biodiversity . Threats to Biodiversity . Conservation of Biodiversity . Biodiversity of India . Conventions on Biodiversity 10.Conclusion 11.Reference Biddiversity What does “Bio” means? sio= Life Biodiversity What does “Diversity” ‘means? Di ersity = Vari ty There are three types of biodiversity > Diversity of Species » Diversity of Ecosystem > Diversity of Genes V¥wWwvv Do DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY Flora and fauna diversity depends on- Climate Altitude Soils Presence of other species Most of the biodiversity concentrated in Tropical region. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS: A region with high biodiversity with most of spices being Endemic. India have two Biodiversity Hotspots- East Himalayan Region and Western Ghat. 1,000,000 | 800,000 600,000 400,000} 200,000) Approximate Number of Known Species Five Kingdoms of Living Things 1,200,000 L i Deen = ol Animatia Plantae Fungi Pratista Monera Name of Kingdom » Facilitation and Mutualism: Plants may also benefit from their neighbors through amelioration of the physical and biotic environment. » Portfolio Effect: Species richness increases the temporal stability of the entire community while the biomass is stabilized. > Insurance Hypothesis: Biodiversity buffers ecosystem against environmental changes such as global warming. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY Consumptive value: » Food/Drink > Fuel » Medicine > Batter crop varieties > Industrial Material Non-Consumptive Value: > Recreation > Education and Research > Traditional value THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Natural causes: » Narrow geographical area » Low population » Low breeding rate » Natural disasters Anthropogenic causes: > Habitat modification > Overexploitation of selected species » Innovation by exotic species > Pollution ® Hunting » Global warming and climate change > Agriculture » Domino effect CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY » Biodiversity inventories » Conserving Biodiversity in protected Habitats- * Jn situ conservation * Ex situ conservation » Seed Bank, Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, DNA Bank ZOO Gene Bank Bandhavgarh National Park » Restoration of Biodiversity > Imparting Environmental Education » Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental Legislation » Population Control > Reviewing the agriculture practice > Controlling Urbanization > Conservation through Biotechnology BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA Categories No. of Indian % of Indian species Species Threatened Species Evaluated In India Mammals 386 59. 41% Birds 1219 _ 7% Reptiles 495 73 46% Amphibians 207 79 57% Freshwater Fish 700 46 70% Source- Based on Kumar et.al 2000 BIODIVERSITY CONVENSIONS > The first convention on biodiversity organized at Rio De Janerio, capital of Brazil from June 5 to 16, 1992 named as United Nation Conference On Environment and Development (UNCED), batter known as Rio Summit to maintain ecological balance and enrich biodiversity. The agreement on biodiversity signed by 150 countries including three programmes- * To ensure conservation of biodiversity * Sustainable use of biodiversity * Rational and equitable share of profit to accrue from use of genetic resources. » The second convention organized at Johannesburg in 2002 called World Summit On Sustainable Development (WSSD) where the Biodiversity and Sustainable Ecosystem Management was the issue.