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Selcuk University - Neba Wais Alqorni - Methodology of Science Final
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Konya , Turkey 2020
Methodology in Social Sciences FINAL EXAM
1. Compare and contrast differences and similtarities between qualitative and quantitative methods Study Research is divided approximately into two categories: qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research deals with more abstract descriptions, while figures and real hard data are discussed in quantitative research. For starters, the way a hamburger smells is qualitative, while its weight in grams is quantitative. There are some important parallels between these two types of study, despite these main differences. Qualitative Data one similarity between qualitative and quantitative research is that it is essentially qualitative to obtain raw data. Although numbers are impartial, the investigator still needs to select certain numbers and ignore others. So, while the numbers themselves are objective, the process of choosing them and justifying why they are more important than other numbers is qualitative, which makes all research qualitative to some degree. Quantitative Data Collection while certain qualitative data is simply the observations of a researcher, other qualitative data are "massaged" into quantitative data. Examples include surveys where individuals place their interpretation of something on a scale of 1 to 5; although the perceptions are qualitative, they are articulated in a quantitative manner. This makes it possible for researchers to turn qualitative experiences into quantitative knowledge. Researcher’s Role the investigator is interested in both qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches. The contrast is in how interested he is. The researcher will, for example, "embed" himself with a group of people in a qualitative anthropological study and write his impressions. However, in a quantitative medical review, the author will formulate the study on her own. Either way, at some point of the project, the researcher is interested in a qualitative way. This is a crucial parallel between the two. Based on Perspective quantitative analysis uses an ethnic approach in which, through established hypotheses, the researcher gathers data and decides the ideas that will be used as interrelated variables. It will check for and evaluate the indicators. These predefined metrics will be translated into a questionnaire containing the ratings and responses. Qualitative analysis, meanwhile, uses an emic perspective where the researcher gathers data from the informant's way in the form of a comprehensive story and is often expressed as it is according to the informants' views. Mixed Methods the fact that most studies are mixed is the truth of quantitative and qualitative research. A good researcher needs to use a combination of both raw data and individual observations in order to get a full picture of a subject. This is the main similarity in most empirical studies between qualitative and quantitative analysis, both of which are used. 2. Explain briefly the following concepts: survey research;focus group;field research;reliability;plagiarism (A) The survey research method or in short it is commonly called the survey method is research in which the main source of data and information is obtained from respondents as research samples using a questionnaire or questionnaire as an instrument for data collection.
Field Study (Field Research) is the collection of data directly into the field using data collection techniques as follows: Observation are several reasons why in qualitative research, observation is utilized maximally: Interview, which is to hold a question and answer activity directly to the respondent. Investigators in field studies observe users as they work, taking notes on particular activities and often asking questions of the users. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means like a video recorder set up in an office. The method is useful early in product development to gather user requirements. It is also useful for studying currently executed tasks and processes. (D) Field Analysis (Field Research) is the collection of data directly into the field using data collection methods as follows: Observation is a variety of reasons why observation is maximally used in qualitative research: interview, which is directly to the respondent to perform a question and answer task. Under equal conditions, you calculate the temperature of a liquid sample several times. Example: Each time, the thermometer shows the same temperature, so the results are accurate. Under equal conditions, you calculate the temperature of a liquid sample several times. Every time, the thermometer displays the same temperature, so the results are reliable. You measure, under identical conditions, the temperature of a liquid sample several times. Each time, the thermometer shows the same temperature, so the results are reliable. Test-retest is the consistency of a measure through time, Interrater is the consistency of a measure across raters or observers, the consistency of the measurement itself is internal consistency. (E) Plagiarism is described as "the practice of taking the words, work or ideas of someone else and passing them off as one's own." It is probably the most prevalent form of scientific dishonesty found in articles in research. In order to raise awareness of all aspects of plagiarism, the aim of this review is to present a comprehensive account of plagiarism. Plagiarism occurs when one insists that an idea is his own, or the representation of it, when it is actually someone else's. Plagiarism is described in dictionaries as the practice of taking the work or ideas of someone else and passing them off as one's own. It is also defined as "the use of the language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions of another author, and or the representation of them as one's own original work without crediting the source." The word plagiarize comes from kidnapping from the Latin plagiare. The person who commits plagiarism is a plagiarist.
3. Journal Article Review
By. Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Stephan Haggard, David A. Lake and David G. Victor Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 April 2017 This is not the first time International relations analysts have looked at how political results can be influenced by decision-making. Psychology-based prior literature makes use of prospect theory and decision-making heuristics studies. This special issue is intended to set out plans for more deeply integrating a modern behavioral movement into the study of international relations. In theory, human interests, views and decision-making have been permitted to differ by the normative rationalist approach to the analysis of international relations. Although the behavioral revolution emerged from debates on the theory of expected usefulness and rational choice, the findings from this revolution often provide substantial opportunities for constructivist discourse. Rationalist conceptions of how preferences are
produced have long been challenged by constructivists, suggesting alternative models that emphasize the social existence of preferences and the socialization process. The dominant theories, norms, heuristics, and logic of conformity are often seen by behavioralists and constructivists as determinants of person and social choice processes. The second major theme that the behavioral revolution has opened up, but definitely not solved, is what we call the question of international relations aggregation: how we switch from individual to collective decision-making. One way of perfecting the problem of aggregation is to connect preferences to the nation-state and obtain predictable outcomes accordingly, and one that game theorists defend; we consider how this strategy might actually be used in the light of the findings of the behavioral revolution. We first discuss the central features of a rationalist approach to international relations to establish our claims for the benefits of introducing a behavioral transformation into international relations, with special attention to the underlying assumptions about preferences, values and decision-making. RESOURCES Collins , James, A History of Modern European Philosophy , The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee, 1954 Grover, Sam, What are the similiarities between Qualitative & Quantitative Research. https://penandthepad.com/similarities-between-qualitative-quantitative-research- 8131662.html https://www.questionpro.com/article/survey-research.html http://sosiologis.com/metode-survey https://qmc.binus.ac.id/2014/08/28/focus-group-discussion/#:~:text=FGD%20adalah %20diskusi%20terfokus%20dari,dalam%20suasana%20informal%20dan %20santai.&text=Dengan%20demikian%2C%20FGD%20berarti%20suatu,sangat %20spesifik%20melalui%20diskusi%20kelompok. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): Peran dan Keterampilan Moderator/Fasilitator (www.mypublish.biz/conf/peran moderator dalam FGD) Focus Group Discussion (FGD). (www.xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/23363478/1305633588/name/FOCUSED+GROUP+DISCUSS ION.doc) Focus Group Discussion (Diskusi Kelompok Terarah). (http://www.marketrends.asia/2013/02/focus-group-discussion-research.html) Penelitian Kualitatif (Metode Pengumpulan Data). (http://fitwiethayalisyi.wordpress.com/teknologi-pendidikan/penelitian-kualitatif-metode- pengumpulan-data/)
