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Selcuk University - Neba Wais Alqorni - DIPLOMATIC FOREIGN LANGUAGE : FINAL EXAM
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Konya , Turkey 2020
Diplomatic Foreign Language FINAL
1. Make 400 words of English Foreign Policy Diplomacy Permanent = continuing or enduring without marked change in status by the late 16th^ century, permanent missions became customary. Regime = the governing authority of political unit There are no legitimate regimes in the Arab Middle East Attache = a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission he job of military attachés includes learning as much as possible about the military of nations Previlege = a special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by all. Environmental campaigners say the papers reveal the privileged access afforded to Shell across Whitehall Reconnaissance = the act of scouting, especially to gain information Arms-control treaties would be impossible without the power of reconnaissance satellites and agents to monitor compliance. Secure = free from danger or risk Both diplomats secured the rightful borders of the Song Dynasty through knowledge of cartography and dredging up old court archive Border = the boundary of a surface Diplomatic communications are also viewed as sacrosanct, and diplomats have long been allowed to carry documents across borders without being searched. Breach = an opening, especially a gap in dike or fortification While there have been a number of cases where diplomats have been killed, this is normally viewed as a great breach of honour. Collaboration = act of working jointly The institutions involved in this massive undertaking it’s clearly an international collaboration. Compliance = the act submitting, usually surrending power to another Arms-control treaties would be impossible without the power of reconnaissance satellites and agents to monitor compliance. Embassy = a building where diplomats live or work in almost all countries in the world there is a United States embassy. Honor = a tangible symbol signifiying approval Our nation also holds the dubious honor of being responsible
2. Summarize the “ Decolonization, Defacto/Dejure, Domestic Juridiction, Elite, Enclave, Equality of States, Ethic Cleansing” DECOLONIZATION The principal states involved in the process of decolonization were located in Europe. In the case of the former, decolonization led to the creation of the Commonwealth, which in its early years was significantly underpinned by economic ties, in particular the preferential tariff system of Imperial Preference and the Sterling Area. The French decolonization experience was more traumatic than that of the United Kingdom, particularly in Algeria and Vietnam. Unlike their near neighbours, the French were briefly attracted to the idea of assimilation rather than independence, and it was only when the Fourth Republic collapsed in 1958 that the issue was finally settled in favour of decolonization. It should not be thought that policies of intervention in the affairs of overseas territories and peoples ended with decolonization. DEFACTO/ DEJURE Terms used in international law and diplomacy usually in association with recognition. De facto normally refers to provisional recognition that a particular government exercises factual sovereignty, whereas de jure implies recognition of both factual and legal sovereignty. During the Cold War, for example, selective use or non-use of these recognition categories became important discretionary instruments for registering approval or disapproval. Thus, from 1949 to 1979 the United States refused de jure recognition. De facto recognition is not necessarily a pre-condition of de jure recognition although in practice this has tended to be the case as it was in the Sino-American example above. The differences between them are not just a matter of degree or of political preference since de jure recognition entails the establishment of normal diplomatic relations whereas de facto does not of itself include the exchange of diplomatic relations. In addition, de jure can be ‘express’ or ‘tacit’. Neither categories are final, although withdrawal of de facto recognition is easier than de jure. DOMESTIC JURIDICTION A logical consequence of sovereignty whereby a state rules supreme within its own territorial frontiers. Article 2 of the UN Charter provides that ‘Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter.’ This article is one of the most controversial in the Charter and its application one of considerable dispute. However, the concept is a relative one and the influence of international law is beginning to make inroads in areas hitherto regarded as exclusive to the state and also in areas where internal regulation may have international repercussions. Thus, matters which are not generally regarded as falling within domestic jurisdiction are a breach of international law, an infringement of the interests of other states, a threat to international peace, violations of human rights and questions of self-determination. ELITE
In the above sense, an elite is simply a descriptive term for individuals and groups found at the top of a particular hierarchy. Distinguished from the mass was the attentive public. Above these two strata Almond locates the policy elites and, finally, at the top what might be termed the formal office holders. Public opinion polling, which has become increasingly accurate over the last half century, provides the empirical confirmation of the view that the mass of the population, in all systems, lacks either the knowledge or the inclination to exert continuing and consistent influence over the policy process. The idea of mood has been developed to identify the manner and content of public attitudes towards foreign policy. Within the fairly permissive parameters set by public moods, the strata above the mass of the population operate. The attentive public then, by default, become the audience in front of which the elites make and justify their policy. The actual foreign policy elite is divided between formal office holders and organized. The formal office holders will occupy authority positions within the system and will be those persons officially designated to act on behalf of the state. The relationship between the formal office holders and their bureaucracies on one hand and organized interests on the other will differ from system to system. In general terms, whereas the formal office holders are by definition members of the elite, in the case of interest groups only the leaders will be classed unambiguously within the elite structure. In systems where the formal office holders, their senior bureaucrats and the interest groups elites are drawn from the same background the term ‘establishment’ is sometimes used to describe this broader arrangement. The growth in the number of state actors in world politics since 1945 has stimulated new interest in elite theories of policy-making. The actual composition of the elite in Third World states is, of course, a matter for empirical inquiry in particular cases. In all instances, however, a Western education seems a definite advantage if not prerequisite for recruitment into the elite. In other parts of the Third World, elite recruitment reflects a more heterogeneous catchment area in all instances, however, the findings confirm the validity of the elite approach to the structure of policy-making. ENCLAVE Territory of one state surrounded by the territory of another. Thus, Walvis Bay in south west Africa was, until 1993, part of the domestic sovereign jurisdiction of the Republic of South Africa despite being surrounded by Namibia. According to Roy E. Jones, who first identified the school in a largely iconoclastic article in the Review of International Studies its founder members were C. A. W. Manning and Martin Wight but others associated with it include Hedley Bull, F. S. Northedge, Michael Donelan, etc. Although there is some disagreement and confusion surrounding the term, especially concerning the epithet ‘English’, it is now generally accepted that these writers and others constitute a distinct group whose unifying element is the concept of international society. International relations is conceived as a distinct and perhaps discrete entity and the principle object of inquiry is to examine the nature of this society and its ability to deliver a measure of orderliness and freedom within a predominantly decentralized and fragmented state-system. EQUALITY OF STATES One of the primary values of the modern international state-system is the sovereign equality of states. Since the establishment of the Westphalian system the formal recognition of equality was intimately bound up with the notions of sovereignty, independence and reciprocity. It is enshrined in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter which asserts that ‘the
