Download Ryanair First aid Modules Study Material 2025 and more Exams Aviation in PDF only on Docsity!
Ryanair First aid Modules Study Material
Three P's - Correct answer Preserve life, prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse, and promote recovery First aid- definition - Correct answer The emergency care given to a casualty who is injured or suddenly becomes ill, using readily available materials, while awaiting the arrival of medical help or in preparation for transportation to medical help facilities. Medical help- definition - Correct answer Treatment given by, or under the supervision of, a qualified medical professional at the scene, while transporting a casualty, or at a medical facility. Age guidelines - Correct answer Adult- 8 and over Child- between 1 and 8 Infant- under 1 Universal precautions in first aid - Correct answer Hand washing: Use soap and running water for 30 seconds immediately after any contact with a casualty and avoid touching your eyes, ears, mouth and nose Gloves: Wear whenever there is a possibility of being in contact with the casualty's blood, bodily fluids, open wounds or sores Sharp objects: Handle with extra care Minimizing mouth-to-mouth contact: Use a face mask designed to prevent disease transmission Coughing: Cover your mouth and ask others to do the same or step back Universal Precaution kit: Use to handle potentially infectious spilled body fluids Equipment in flight satchel - Correct answer -glycerin soap bars -antiseptic towelettes -latex gloves -masks
Masks - Correct answer Masks should be changed if they become moist, hard to breathe in, physically damaged or visibly soiled. Passengers may be directed to place soiled masks in airsickness bags. In the event of depressurization, cabin crew would be required to make an announcement advising passengers to remove masks prior to donning oxygen masks. Cabin crew would need to remove masks for shouted commands. Gloves - Correct answer Should only be used for first aid and medical emergencies (clear latex gloves provisioned in the flight satchel can be used for pick-up in the premium rouge and economy cabin). Once used, they are contaminated and a possible source of infection. Take them off and without touching their outer surface following the specified steps. Glove disposal - Correct answer Place the used gloves in red bio-hazard bag of the universal precaution kit. Universal precaution kit- contents - Correct answer -Red-Z fluid control pouch -Sanizide Plus germicidal disinfectant -P.A.W.S. (Personal Antimicrobial Wipe) -Disposable impermeable mask -Disposable impermeable gloves -Large absorbent wiper towel -Pick-up scoop with scraper -Red bio-hazard disposal waste bag -Instructions -Label Red-Z - Correct answer Dry powder that is sprinkled onto liquids and converts into a harmless granulated gel which can easily be picked up with the disposable scoop. Eliminates most of the odour of vomit, urine or feces spills immediately upon use. Active ingredient (killing agent) is chlorine. Sanizide Plus Germicidal Disinfectant - Correct answer Fast-acting, multi- purpose, broad spectrum disinfectant/deodorizer for environmental surfaces.
Five "rights" of drug administration - Correct answer Right medication Right person Right amount Right time Right method Temperature-sensitive medication - Correct answer Passengers may bring coolers for temperature-sensitive medication requiring refrigeration. Cabin crew may be asked to provide extra ice to keep them at their desired temperature. Do not use dry ice as medication may freeze. Hypoxia - Correct answer The deficiency of oxygen in the bloodstream Occurs when cabin pressure is no longer kept at the equivalent of 6500 to 8000 ft. The effects can vary from a slight reduction in physical and mental functions to unconsciousness and death. Factors: age, sex, fitness, and state of fatigue, and additionally, exposure time and level of exertion. Types of hypoxia - Correct answer Hypoxic: lack of oxygen in blood (due to outside conditions) Anemic: less oxygen in blood due to lack of hemoglobin Stagnant: pooling of blood throughout body Histotoxic: tissues are unable to use oxygen, as a result of alcohol Symptoms of hypoxia - Correct answer Euphoria Slow response, lassitude, fatigue Visual and auditory disorders Intellectual disorders Headache and dizziness A bluish/purplish discolouration of face and hands Increased respiratory and cardiac rhythm Fine tremor of hands and low coordination of fine movements Unconsciousness Treatment for hypoxia - Correct answer Descent to lower altitude, re- pressurization of the cabin, or use of oxygen supply as per section *Recovery is normally rapid, within 15 seconds after oxygen supply is re- established
Time of useful consciousness as dependent on altitude - Correct answer 20 000 ft: 12-18 minutes 30 000 ft: 1-2 minutes 40 000 ft: 2-12 seconds Decompression sickness - Correct answer Caused by nitrogen bubbles in tissues Emergency scene management - Correct answer Main steps are: Scene survey Primary survey Secondary survey Ongoing casualty care Scene survey (ESM) - Correct answer Taking charge of the situation, determining the mechanism of the injury, gathering information, developing a plan of action to start helping the casualty. Primary survey (ESM) - Correct answer Assessing and giving first aid to each casualty for life threatening injuries or illnesses (airway, breathing, circulation). Secondary survey (ESM) - Correct answer Assessing and giving first aid to each casualty for non life-threatening injuries or illnesses. Ongoing casualty care (ESM) - Correct answer Monitoring casualty's condition to ensure appropriate care until medical help is available and takes over. Scene survey- steps - Correct answer Take charge (if spinal/head injury suspected, tell casualty not to move) Call out for help ("Stand by, might need your help") Assess the hazards and make the area safe (ask other crew members/ABP's to assist in crowd control) Get the history (what happened, how many casualties, what was mechanism of injury) Identify yourself and obtain consent (if there is no response, you have implied consent)
Motor response: conscious if they obey commands, semi-conscious if they react to pain, unconscious if they do not react to pain. Steps for ongoing casualty care- step one - Correct answer 1- Treat for shock Reassure the casualty, loosen tight clothing, place the casualty in the best position for the condition (unconscious= recovery position, conscious= shock position, suspected head/spinal injury=position found) Cover the casualty to preserve body heat Steps for ongoing casualty care- step two - Correct answer 2- Monitor the casualty's condition Check ABC often Give nothing by mouth Administer oxygen Steps for ongoing casualty care- step three - Correct answer 3- Record the events of the situation and any changes in casualty's condition Steps for ongoing casualty care- step four - Correct answer 4- Report on what happened When handed-over to medical help, describe what happened and what first aid was given. Steps for ongoing casualty care- step five - Correct answer 5- Do not leave the casualty until handed over to medical authorities Recovery position - Correct answer -Keeps an unconscious person's airway open -Always put a semi-conscious person or unconscious person in the recovery position if you are not able to constantly monitor the persons breathing.
- Position the arm closest to you above the casualty's head
- Position the arm furthest from you on the casualty's chest. Bend the far knee
- Reach behind the casualty's shoulder and roll casualty towards you by pulling the far knee
- Adjust the position of the arms and legs so the casualty is in a stable position. Place the far arm at 90 degrees to the casualty with the palm
down. Place padding behind the casualty to prevent rolling back into a face up position.
- Give ongoing care Infant recovery position - Correct answer Hold the infant face down with the mouth open and nose clear. Support the head and neck. Airway obstruction/choking- steps - Correct answer Begin ESM Scene survey Identify Degree of obstruction (if casualty can speak, breathe or cough forcefully, ask "Are you choking") Mild obstruction: do not interfere Severe obstruction: Administer first aid for choking First aid for choking- Adult and Child - Correct answer Give 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts and repeat until the airway is clear or casualty becomes unconscious. If casualty becomes unconscious: position casualty, call for help (CIMM GOMAF), give 30 chest compressions, open airway and look for an obstruction
- if nothing seen: open airway (head-tilt, chin-lift) and attempt to ventilate
- if chest does not rise: reposition head and try to ventilate again
- if chest still does not rise: continue compressions and ventilations (30:2)
- continue until airway is clear or medical help takes over
- if chest rises and object is dislodged: remove the object IF SEEN, give 2 ventilations and check for normal breathing, complete a primary survey/check for effective breathing, check skin condition and temperature, secondary survey/give ongoing casualty care. OR If airway is cleared after back blows and abdominal thrusts alone: Give ongoing casualty care. First aid for choking- Differences with Infant - Correct answer Whenever you suspect and infant is choking start first aid immediately (if crying, do not interfere because obstruction is mild; if they cannot cough or cry, start back blows and CHEST thrusts - not abdominal thrusts) Use 2 fingers for compressions and half-breaths for ventilations If casualty is larger than rescuer - choking - Correct answer Chest thrusts rather than abdominal thrusts (Ex; pregnant)
-Bandage securely. -If injury permits, immobilize limb -Continue the primary survey -Check circulation. Loosen bandage if necessary. -Secondary survey: Give ongoing casualty care. Nose Bleed - Correct answer -Place the casualty in a sitting positon -Tilt head and shoulders slightly forward -Have casualty compress the entire fleshy part below the bridge of the nose with thumb and forefinger for 10 minutes -Loosen tight clothing around the casualty's neck -Instruct the casualty to breathe through the mouth and not blow nose for several hours. Unconsciousness - Correct answer -Begin ESM -Scene Survey -If casualty is not responsive: call for help (CIMM GOMAF), primary survey, secondary survey (if necessary), place in recovery position if injury permits, maintain open airway, loosen tight clothing at neck, chest, and waist, and give ongoing casualty care. Fainting - Correct answer Brief loss of consciousness caused by temporary shortage of oxygen to the brain. Some resemble seizure-like activity, though these rarely last more than 15 seconds. May be pale, sweating, dizzy, unsteady, sick/nauseous To maintain blood flow to the brain of a casualty exhibiting symptoms of feeling faint or of an impeding faint: -place casualty lying down on their back, ensure they are breathing, ensure a supply of fresh air (turn on gas per vents), administer oxygen, loosen tight clothing, ensure comfort as consciousness returns -Keep them lying down for 10-15 minutes -If casualty has recovered, have him/her get up slowly -If casualty is not feeling stronger, stay with him/her until medical help takes over Burns - Correct answer -Begin ESM -Scene Survey -Primary Survey
-Call for help ("CIMM GOMAF") -If burn is caused by dry ice: eliminate the cause (remove dry ice from skin contact), immerse area in lukewarm water or use lukewarm compress, keep immersed until pain is reduced, cover the burned area lightly with a loose bandage and ensure tape does not touch damaged skin, perform secondary survey and give ongoing casualty care. -If burn is otherwise caused: Eliminate the cause (remove the heat), lessen the effect by immersing the injured part in cool water or by applying towels soaked in cool water OR apply water wether burn dressing found in the first aid kit, keep immersed until pain is reduced, cover the burn area lightly with sterile dressing and ensure tape does not touch damaged skin, perform secondary survey and give ongoing casualty care. Heat Burns - Correct answer -Immerse burned area or gently pour cool water until pain is relieved -Apply a cool, wet sterile dressing or burn dressing -Remove jewellery -Loosen tight clothing before swelling occurs Electrical burns - Correct answer -Can cause the heart to stop or cease in breathing -Since the casualty may also be thrown, head/spinal injuries are possible First Aid for electrical burns: ensure no further damage from electricity, give first aid for life-threatening injuries, locate both entry and exit burns, and any fractures or dislocations. Give first aid for the entry and exit burns by covering them with a clean, dry dressings. Once taped, nature the tape does not touch damaged skin. Give first aid for any fractures or dislocations. Sunburns - Correct answer -Sponge area gently with cool water or cover with wet towel to relieve pain -Pat skin dry -Apply medicated sunburn ointment or lotion -Protect burned areas from further exposure to sun -Do not break blisters -Get medical help if a) large areas of skin begin to blister or b) casualty begins to vomit or develops fever Joints/muscle/bone injuries - Correct answer -Begin ESM -Scene Survey
-If casualty is unresponsive, administer first aid for unconsciousness. In either case, continue by covering with blankets and monitor casualty carefully. Perform secondary survey and give ongoing casualty care. Symptoms of concussion - Correct answer Partial or complete loss of consciousness, usually of short duration, shallow breathing, nausea and vomiting (when regaining consciousness), casualty describes "Seeing stars", loss of memory of events immediately preceding and following injury, severe overall headache (not local scalp pain). Symptoms of commpression - Correct answer Loss of or decreased level of consciousness, nausea and vomiting, unequal size of pupils, one or both pupils unresponsive to light Symptoms of skull fracture - Correct answer Deformed skull, swollen/bruised/bleeding scalp, straw-coloured fluid from nose or ears, bruising around the eyes or behind the ears, nausea and vomiting, especially in children, confused or dazed, possible combative, semi- conscious or unconscious, stopped or irregular breathing, very slow pulse rate, unequal size of pupils, weakened or paralyzed arms or legs, pain when swallowing or moving the jaw, wounds in mouth, knocked-out teeth, shock, and convulsions. Signs of shock - Correct answer -Pale skin at first, later bluish grey -Bluish/purple colour to lips, tongue, ear lobes and fingernails (if the casualty has dark skin, the inside of the lips, mouth, the tongue and nail beds will be blue; the skin around the nose and mouth greyish) -cold, clammy skin -Shallow and irregular breathing, fast or gasping for air -Changes in consciousness -Weak, rapid pulse- radial pulse may be present Symptoms of shock - Correct answer -Anxiousness -Restlessness -Fear -Confusion -Dizziness -Disorientation -Thirst
Steps to treat shock - Correct answer -Begin ESM -Scene Survey -Primary Survey -Call for help (CIMM GOMAF) -If allergic reaction, give first appropriate first aid -If no allergic reaction, start first aid to treat the injury or illness to reduce shock (Reassure the casualty, loosen clothing, keep warm, place casualty in the best position for the condition: unconscious= recovery position, conscious= shock position- lying down flat on back, suspected head/spinal injury- position found) -Administer oxygen on high, maintain open airway, monitor breathing -Perform secondary survey, give ongoing casualty care. Signs of Allergic reaction - Correct answer Varies from discomfort to a severe life-threatening type of shock (anaphylactic shock) Signs and symptoms: sneezing, coughing, and red watery eyes, swelling of the face, mouth and throat, laboured breathing with a wheezing due to swollen tissues obstructing the airway, a weak rapid pulse, vomiting and diarrhea, pale skin, blueness or both, changes in level of consciousness. The casualty may complain of: -Tightness in the chest -Severe itching with hives (skin eruptions) -Dizziness -Abdominal cramps with nausea Treating allergies - Correct answer -Page for medical doctor -Advise flight crew -Contact STAT MD -Assist to get the casualty's medication (follow casualty's instruction, if necessary) -Offer Benadryl Signs of asthma - Correct answer Shortness of breath with obvious trouble breathing -Coughing or wheezing may get louder or stop -Fast and shallow breathing -Tightness in chest -Casualty sitting upright trying to breathe
-Scene Survey -Assess for responsiveness (Get history, ask "What happened") -Call for help ("CIMM GOMAF") -Primary Survey -Place casualty at rest, loosen tight clothing, reassure casualty -Administer oxygen from high-flow outlet -If casualty is conscious, assist with prescribed medication and proceed to give ongoing casualty care. -If casualty is unconscious, simply give ongoing casualty care- NO MEDICATION -Be prepared for CPR- keep AED out of casualty's sight CPR general method - Correct answer Adult/Child -Begin ESM -Scene Survey -If casualty is not responsive, call for help ("CIMM GOMAF") -Primary Survey -Open the airway (head-told, chin-lift) and check for breathing (5- seconds) -If casualty is not breathing or not breathing normally, start CPR -If ventilations do not go in, begin first aid for choking -If casualty begins to breathe, complete primary survey by checking circulation -Secondary survey, give ongoing casualty care. Administer Oxygen on high. Infant: -Different in CPR method, first aid for choking if ventilations are not going in, and give ongoing casualty care by administering oxygen on low rather than high CPR- specific - Correct answer -Position hands on center of chest (for child, one or two hands may be placed on mid-chest). If very small, use one hand. Give cycles of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations. -Continue CPR until AED arrives, the casualty begins breathing, medical help or another CPR rescuer takes over, or the scene becomes unsafe. *Infant CPR: Keep one hand on the forehead to keep the head tilted, position two fingers on the chest just below the nipple line, give cycles of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations (at least 1/3 depth of chest).
AED use - Correct answer -when crew member brings you the AED, turn it on -Prepare the chest (shave if necessary), and apply pads as seen in pictures -Ensure a space of 3cm for placement of pads on a child/infant, or placement of one on chest, one on back. -Start CPR and follow visual and verbal prompts -The AED will prompt "stand clear, analyzing now, stand clear" -"Shock advised. Stand clear, Push to Shock. Start CPR." OR "No shock advised, start CPR" -Make sure no one touches the casualty when AED is analyzing. Visually and verbally clear the area b calling "STAND CLEAR" -After delivering shock, start CPR -Give cycles of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations until next AED prompt -If casualty shows signs of life and is breathing, complete primary survey- check for effective breathing. -Check skin condition and temperature -Secondary survey -Give ongoing casualty care Signs of Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Correct answer Depend on what part of the brain was damaged -FAST (Facial drooping, Arm unable to extend/falls when extended, Speech is impaired, Time- get medical help right away) TIA not as fatal as Stroke, but an be a warning sign of future stroke. Treating Stroke/TIA - Correct answer -Begin ESM, scene survey, call for help ("CIMM GOMAF") -Primary survey -Place casualty at rest (usually semi-sitting. Recline seat) -Give nothing by mouth (moisten lips with wet towel if thirsty) -Protect casualty from injury -Administer oxygen on high flow -Reassure casualty; keep them warm. -If casualty begins to or loses consciousness, place casualty in recovery position (paralyzed side up to protect blood vessels/nerves and ease breathing*), prepare to begin CPR if breathing stops.
-Sponge casualty with cool water and focus on armpit, neck and groin areas -If casualty is conscious, give them water and place in shock position. Give ongoing casualty care until medical help arrives while monitoring their temperature and repeating cooling procedures as necessary. -If casualty is unconscious, place in recovery position, give ongoing casualty care until medical help arrives, and monitor casualty's temperature while repeating cooling procedures as necessary. Poisoning - Correct answer Defined as any substance that can cause injury, illness or death when it enters the body. Can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through skin and mucous membranes, or injected. Procedure: follow steps of EMS and -Call for medical help -Get history: "What poison was taken and how/how much/when?" -Administer oxygen if poison was inhaled -Follow medical professionals advice -Check for effective breathing -If breathing stops, start CPR -Place unresponsive breathing casualty into recovery position -Provide ongoing care until medical help arrives *Unless instructed to do so by a qualified medical professional, NEVER give fluids or induce vomiting. Poisson symptoms if swallowed - Correct answer Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, discolouration or burns at lips/mouth, odour on breath Poison symptoms if inhaled - Correct answer Coughing, difficulty breathing, stains around mouth/nose, dizziness Poison symptoms if absorbed - Correct answer Skin redness, swelling, blisters and/or burns Poison symptoms if injected - Correct answer Puncture wounds, irritation at points of entry
Note on food poisoning - Correct answer It is unlikely that a person would become ill from food poisoning on the flight- not enough time. Motion sickness - Correct answer Minimize exposure by moving to middle off aircraft Recline their seat Lie them down on their back if space permits Improve ventilation In addition, the casualty should: restrict unnecessary head movement, keep eyes closed if required, look to horizon or fixed part outside aircraft, take frequent small portions of food, and avoid alcohol. If casualty vomits: ensure they have a clean airsickness bag available, offer damp towel, facial tissues, mouth wash, offer gravol, follow universal precautions and dispose of soiled items and airsickness bags appropriately. Acute abdominal pain - Correct answer Can be recognized by any sudden significant pain from any of the organs in the abdomen. Signs: shortness of breath and shallow breathing, restlessness, paleness, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, crouching, abdominal pain, flatulence, upset stomach. Procedure: loosen tight clothing, place in a position of comfort, give nothing to eat or drink, ensure they have clean airsickness bags, offer damp towel/facial tissues if casualty vomits. Obtain medical attention and do not feed anything to a casualty complaining of: bleeding (in stool or vomit), persistent pain, and symptoms of shock. Alcohol intoxication - Correct answer Procedure: give orange juice or water, keep warm, encourage to sleep, monitor breathing. Procedure if unconscious: do not give anything by mouth, place in recovery position, administer oxygen on high, monitor breathing, get medical help.
