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Revision for Unit 1 exam- health and social care
life stage ages norms physical characteristics infancy 0 - 2 years
- sit unaided
- crawl
- walk
- start to speak
- solo play
- grow taller
- able to crawl, walk, run
- reflexes gross motor skills a) running b) walking c) dance d) skipping e) riding bicycle f) swim Early childhood
years
- fine motor skills
- co-operative play
- intellect develops
- reading, writing etc…
- moral development
- grow taller
- able to run, skip, hop, jump
- improved coordination fine motor skills a. painting b) writing c) drawing d) colouring e) cutting with scissors adolescence 9 - 18 years
- puberty
- emotional changes
- examinations
- develop sense of own values
- more independent
- grow taller
- periods begin
- pubic hair grows
- hips broaden
- breasts develop
- gain weight
- acne/spots develop
- grow taller
- voice breaks
- pubic hair grows
- shoulders broaden
- testes produce sperm
- penis grows Early adulthood
years
- marriage- increased responsibility
- start a family
- more financial responsibilty 1. Maximum physical performance from 20s-30s.
Middle adulthood
46 - 65 1. older adults develop grey hair, skin less supple, less active
- menopause (45- 55 years)
Menopause
- periods stop
- hot sweats
- tiredness
- mood swings (emotional not physical change!) Support (formal/professional ): GP- can prescribe HRT (hormone replacement therapy), can talk through symptoms, listen and support Support (informal, family, friends)- help around the house, talk to the person, older woman can talk through how she coped with menopause later adulthood
years
- skin loses elasticity, may lose some height, hearing taste and eyesight deteriorate
- retirement
- death of partner/spouse 1. Skin loses elasticity 2. Hearing, eyesight,taste deteriorates 3. May get smaller (Height is reduced as the vertebrae in the spine get closer) 4. Organs are less efficient 5. Breathing is less efficient because muscles around the lungs are weaker 6. Bones become more brittle and more likely to break, particularly in women 7. less active/mobile
Grey hair is NOT an answer!
Quick revision a. Name 3 physical characteristics for a female adolescent (3 marks) b. Name 3 physical characteristics for a person aged 70 years old (3 marks) c. Give 3 fine motor skills (3 marks) d. Give 3 physical changes during the menopause (3 marks) e. Give 3 ways in which a doctor/GP can support a woman going through the menopause (3 marks) f. Give 3 physical characteristics for a child aged 6 years old (3 marks) g. Name the six life stages in order (5 marks) Key definitions Revision technique: Cover up the definition with a piece of paper and test yourself. Tick the box when you know it. √/x Growth An increase in physical size (GIPS) Development An increase in skills, emotions and abilities (DISEA) Life Stage A defined period of growth and development e.g. adolescence, childhood… Life Span The time between a person’s birth and death Developmental norms The ways in which people grow and develop tend to follow a pattern e.g. baby can sit unaided at 6 months, menopause for women (45-55 years) Milestones The expected growth and development in the life stages e.g. sitting unaided at 6 months, menopause for women (45-55 years) Self esteem How you value yourself Self image How you see yourself Self concept Both self esteem and self image combined Norm for one’s age The average for his/her age
Expected and unexpected
expected unexpected expected unexpected
starting a new school (^) √ bankruptcy (^) √
physical injury or illness
√ divorce or the breakdown of a serious relationship
starting work (^) √ going through the menopause
the death of a friend or relative
√ redundancy^ √
going through puberty
√ unemployment^ √
getting married (^) √ retirement (^) √
the birth of a brother or sister
√ winning the lottery^ √
Total / 23
Life events
Discuss how __________ can affect growth and development.
exam technique: Thinks of PIES (physical, intellectual, emotional and social) and think of positive and negative
Cover up the life event and try and think of one factor, both positive and negative for each idea
life event positive negative
starting school
p exercise at part of lessons p - I learn new things I may struggle with some learning E do well in school, feel happy, high self-esteem E if find work hard, lack confidence, low self esteem S meet new people, make friends S may not find close friends, may be bullied work p^ earn a salary to pay for house, food, clothes etc.^ p^ may become tired from work I learn new things in the job I job may be boring and lack challenge E if successful, get promotion, high self esteem E may lack confidence in own ability, lead to low self esteem, lack of confidence, unhappiness S meet new people S work colleagues may not be friendly marriage p^ two salaries to buy house, food etc…,^ p^ wedding costs a lot of^ money and may lead to debt I married people tend to work harder as want to provide for the other one/ begin family
I with working hard, may devote too much time to work
E feel loved and love- high self esteem E if marriage does not work out, stress, depression, low self-esteem S always got somebody to talk to, more friends… S may lose contact with some friends as spend more time with wife/husband retire- ment
p can relax, no need wake up early p less money to survive on I time to pursue new hobbies and interests I can stop learning new things if don’t go out E can relax, happier, E may lack confidence as no longer working S can meet new people through clubs S may lose contact with friends birth child
p toys/clothes to share- save money p need bigger house, more food, clothing… I child can learn how to look after younger sibling I parent less time to devote to interests/ job E pride in having a new sibling E stress, tiredness… low self esteem S another person to play/ love/ support S parent has less chance to socialise death of partner
p - p partner may not look after him/herself properly I partner may force self to join club to meet new people
I may stop going out to clubs…
E partner may force self to meet new people E upset, depression, low self esteem S partner may force self to meet new people S nobody to be with 24 hours a day serious accident
p state support financially whilst recuperating p pain, suffering, long lasting effects I may have learned new things, developed new interests whilst recuperating
I may need to give up work, clubs…
E may come out of accident a stronger person E may lack confidence, unhappy, low self esteem S may have met new friends through experience S may have lost contact with friends during recuperation meno- pause
p periods stop p mood swings, hot flushes, tiredness I - I - E no need for contraception, increased confidence E no longer able to conceive – may lead to low self esteem, lack confidence S - S may lack confidence to go out
Discuss how physical/ social and emotional/ economic/ environmental factors affect growth
and development
physical factors social and emotional
factors
economic factors environmental factors
A physical factor is
something that affects the
growth and development
of the body (e.g. a good
diet or clean home).
Social and emotional
factors are those things
that influence our feelings
about something or
someone.
Economic factors refer to
money or the cost of
things to buy or make.
The environment refers to
our house. It also refers to
a larger geographical area
such as the
neighbourhood in which
we live or the town/city.
Physical I illness
N nature versus nurture
G genes E exercise D diet
Social and Emotional L life events (e.g. marriage, divorce, work, school…) E education G gender (if you are male, female) F family E employment E ethnicity F friends
Environmental H housing A access to welfare and services (where GP surgery, hospital school is located etc..) P pollution
ECOnomic
D debts I income M material possessions (car, washing machine…) S savings
“There are many factors that may affect an
individual’s social and emotional development other
than where you live”. Discuss the importance of two
other factors on social and emotional development. (
marks)
a) Discuss means give both positive and negative
factors (unless the questions specifically asks for
only positive or negative)
b) These questions are usually worth 6 marks- you
need a minimum of 4 ideas with explanation to
achieve 6 marks
c) If you only give positive or negative factors, you
cannot score more than 4 marks out of 6
d) Use the word “may”…. He may have a low self
esteem etc….
Mark scheme
a) 1-2 marks: factors identified
family; family size (brothers/sisters); illness &
disability; types of relationships developed (i.e.
boyfriend/ girlfriend); hobbies and leisure activities;
physical appearance; conflict (divorce, bullying, death,
separation….)
b) 3-4 marks: explanation of 2 factors and how will
affect an individual
c) 5-6 marks: identify and discuss the positive and
negative
Exam practice
Case study James is 15 years old and is the eldest of Cathy and David’s three children. He is currently studying for his GCSEs and he enjoys school. He wishes to continue his studies at A-level before going to university. He would like to take out a year and travel with his girlfriend Jenny firstly. James likes football and regularly meets his grandfather to watch the local football team. When James was eight he broke his leg and needed to have an operation on it. He has suffered no long term medical problems.
Exam technique: Have you underlined all the key information in the case study?
a) life event life stage
changes from milk to solid food skin loses its elasticity starts school and makes friends people marry and start a family / b) Identify James’ current life stage (1 mark) c) Identify James’ previous life stage (1 mark) d) Identify three physical changes James boys are likely to experience in his current life stage (3 marks) e) Identify which relationship is likely to be important to James in his current life stage. (1 mark) f) Explain why this relationship may be so important (2 marks) g) Identify one other relationship which may important to James. (1 mark) h) When James was eight he broke his leg. Identify and explain TWO sources of support which could have helped James through this event. (6 marks) Identification Identification Explanation Explanation i) At school James is currently finishing his science coursework on how environmental factors such as noise, pollution, crime and poor living conditions can affect intellectual development. Discuss how these factors might affect intellectual development. (6 marks) j) Explain how your social and emotional development may be affected by the environment in which you live. ( 4 marks) k) James has a positive self concept. Identify and explain ONE factor from the background information which might account for this. (3 marks) l) Discuss why a high self esteem is important for James’ personal development. (6 marks) m) James has experienced many expected and unexpected life events. Decide if each life event is expected or unexpected. (3 marks) i) James breaking his leg ii) James starting school iii) James going through puberty
Total
answers
a) life event life stage changes from milk to solid food infancy skin loses its elasticity later adulthood starts school and makes friends early childhood people marry and start a family early adulthood (^) / b) Adolescence (1 mark) c) Early Childhood (1 mark) d) grow taller; voice breaks; pubic hair grows; shoulders broaden; testes produce sperm; penis grows ;gain weight (3 marks) e) friends/ peers (1 mark) f) James is an adolescent; helps him identify with his own age group; social acceptance with peer group helps his self-esteem/ feel good factor; share problems- friends can sympathise. (2 marks) g) Girlfriend; youth club leader; employer; church; family (1 mark) h) Identification: formal/ doctor Identification: informal/ family Explanation Doctor would have looked at James’ X-ray of leg and treated him. Prescribed medication for pain. Treat injury.
Explanation Family could take James out to keep his spirits up. Family could help bathe him, cheer him up, thus meeting his emotional needs. (6 marks) i) 1 - 2 marks: will simply describe how it affects them negatively. 1 or 2 factors identified (e.g. Noise = cannot sleep so may be tired for school, so cannot concentrate and therefore not do so well in school. Poor living conditions = cramped home and nowhere quiet to study. If lots of people live in confined dwelling, more risk of illness and therefore more time off school.) 3 - 4 marks: concentrates on the negative effects only of factors in relation to intellectual development and school performance- does poorly at school, drop out 5 - 6 marks: full discussion of how it affects the individual’s intellectual development but also other aspects of their health and well being in the long-term. (e.g. if not do so well in school, less chance of getting a good job and therefore less money etc…. Self-esteem may be lower if one is not successful in school) j) 1 - 2 marks: general description of how it affects them positively or negatively 3 - 4 marks: fuller explanation of how it can affect the individual self-esteem and self-concept positively or negatively. (e.g. if you live in a nice area/house, you may have a higher self-esteem, feel happier. More likely to invite friends around (social needs met), less chance of falling ill as don’t live in confined area. Easier to study as quieter, and better areas have more libraries etc… If one lives in a cramped flat and one does not like the flat, one may be hesitant to invite friends around…. etc.. ( 4 marks) k) identify: he enjoys school- he will do well intellectually and have more chance to be successful in life identify: he wants to go to university- he has plans for the future, ambition identify: he has a girlfriend- he feels loved and may have high self-esteem (3 marks) l). 1 - 2 marks: very general description given- feels good, confident 3 - 4 marks: discussion focuses on James’ self-esteem at the moment- it is high and focuses on the factors (happy in school, ambitions for university, travelling, girlfriend…) Concentrates on the positive effects-will value himself, confident, make friends, does well at school/university, good for relationship with his girlfriend. 5 - 6 marks: discussion will focus on James’ self-esteem but identify how it can affect other aspects of his life and other relationships in his life. Will make links between each area and also look further to future developments or outlines the effects if his self-esteem were low (make a comparison) e.g. wouldn’t be able to accomplish the same. (6 marks)
m) i) unexpected ii) expected iii) expected (3 marks) Total
