Rethinking - Rural Development - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Development

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Rethinking The Rural Development Research Agenda

In Southern Africa

PROBLEM AREAS

• Global Realities and the Rural Dilemma
• Meaning and Measurement - Definitions and

Conceptual Frameworks

• Strategic Intent (Skirting the Structural/Systemic Issues)
• Problematic Institutional Premise

(Traditional/Colonial/Post-Colonical-Global)

• Donor-dependency & impact on research (sponsored

views)

• Fragmentation of Research
  • Sector-focus versus Issue-based
  • Mono-discipline

Rural Dilemma

Rural Poverty, Disease and Low Productivity  Feminization of rural areas = Feminization of agriculture = Feminization of poverty and disease (Youth exodus to cities),  Social protection (absolute poverty strategies) vs productive and sustainable livelihoods  Comparative advantage that does not translate to competitiveness,  Ecosystem sustainability,  Spatial imbalances & Rural-urban disconnect  Overdependence on subsistence agriculture,  Food Insecurity,  Limited access to off-farm employment,  Unemployment with sluggish development in urban areas,  Skewed income distribution,  Poor transport, basic services and market infrastructure,  Low literacy rates  Legacy of colonialization and apartheid

Comparative Advantage: Competitive Disadvantage

Dualistic Economy

Tourism

Agric/Forest

Mining

Dependence on the export of primary products, absence of an industrial base, weak savings and investments, limited profit-earning capacity of capital, under-serviced basic and social needs (health, education, and social welfare)

Zambia Example

Zambia Microenterprise Sector Source: Zambia Business Survey 2010 Docsity.com

Problem

Lack of clarity, coherence and

consensus on rural

development

conceptualization,

definition(s), the driving

development agenda, with

inadequate delivery strategies

and measurement.

Rural Development Definitions

Chambers(1983) definition

strategy to enable a specific group of people,

poor rural women and men, to gain for themselves and their children more of what they want and need. It involves helping the poorest among those who seek livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits of development (1983:147).

Difference between agricultural

economics and rural economics

Agricultural economics

Elementary unit of analysis-

farm

Major fields of analysis

• Farm production
• Marketing of agricultural

commodities

• Demand for food
• Performance of product and

factor markets

Rural economics Elementary unit of analysis- household with the farm as a typical subset of economic activity Major fields of analysis

• Resource allocation by household
• Choices of income strategies
• Poverty and inequality (de Janvry et al., 2002).

Cont…

• Linkages between

agriculture and other sectors of the economy, and the rest of the world

• Agricultural and food policy

(de Janvry et al., 2002).

• Emergence of performance of agrarian institutions
• Income levels
• Income and food security
• Satisfaction of basic needs (access to public goods and services e.g health and education)
• Intergenerational equity
• Quality (standard) of life (de Janvry et al., 2002).

Structural adjustment Free markets Getting prices right Retreat of the state Rise of NGOs Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) Farming Systems Research (FSR) Food security & famine analysis RD as process and not product Women in Develpt (WID) Poverty Alleviation

Rural Development Ideas Timeline Adapted from Ellis & Biggs (2001)

1970s (^) 1980s

Transformational approach Technology transfer Agricultural extension Growth role of agric Green revolution (start) Rational peasants

1950s^ 1960s^ 1990s

Modernization Dual economy model ‘backward’ agriculture Community Development Lazy peasants

Redistribution with growth Basic needs Integrated rural develpt State agric policies State led credit Urban bias Induced innovation Green revolution (cont) Rural growth linkages

Micro credit Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) Actor-oriented RD Stakeholder analysis Rural safety nets Gender & Devlpt (GAD) Environment and sustainability Poverty reduction Sustainable livelihoodsGood governance Decentralization Critique of participation Sector-wide approaches Social protection Poverty eradication

2000s

Influence by Ideological Paradigm

shifts

Neo-classical economics - well functioning markets versus market distortions and ‘imperfections’;

New institutional economics - linking equity and productivity

Livelihoods- a developmentalist version : development as a livelihood improvement and poverty reduction;

Livelihoods- a welfarist version : poverty alleviation, and social protection;

Radical political economy - development as agrarian transformation;

Marxism- the agrarian question, focusing on the transition to capitalism in agriculture (Cousins and Scoones, 2010)

South African Case Study

20

Bantustans

Provinces

Settlement patterns