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Resurgence - Integrated Pest Management - Handout, Exercises of Pest Management

The LNM Institute of Information TechnologyPest Management

Main topics of this course are: Biocontrol Approaches, Decision Making, Disadvantages of Cultural Controls, EBPM Status, Enforced Crop Production Rules, Hybrid Sterility, IPM Evolution Continued, Regulatory Tactics, Resistance Categories. Key points of this lecture handout are: Resurgence, Pesticide, Pest Resurgence, Reduced Biological Control, Resistance, Resistant Mechanism, Resistance Process, Management Strategy, Impact of Resistance, Environmental Impact

Typology: Exercises

2012/2013

Uploaded on 08/31/2013

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Resurgence
• Mostly documented with insect pests
• Mostly associated with indirect, secondary/minor pests for several
reasons.
– Key pests are watched too closely to resurge
– Direct pests are mainly late-season pests & there isn’t time to resurge
– Pest must be held at least partially in check by some agent that is affected by the
pesticide
• Note Fig. 12-6 in book.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

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Resurgence

  • Mostly documented with insect pests
  • Mostly associated with indirect, secondary/minor pests for several reasons. - Key pests are watched too closely to resurge - Direct pests are mainly late-season pests & there isn’t time to resurge - Pest must be held at least partially in check by some agent that is affected by the pesticide
  • Note Fig. 12-6 in book.

Four processes contribute to resurgence

  • Reduced Biological Control (Secondary) – most common with

insects

  • Reduced Competition – most common with weeds (mono vs.

dicots)

  • Direct Stimulation of Pest – usually due to sub-acute doses
  • Improved Crop Growth

Resistance

  • Mostly a problem with pesticides (so far) but applies to all

management tactics. Ex:

Resistance as a process

The process has three general stages, each with its own

Management Strategy

Impact of Resistance

  • Overall agricultural productivity (during build phase)
    • Increased pesticide usage
    • Increased damage
  • Environmental impact
    • Increased pesticide usage
    • Increased use of non-renewable resources
    • Increased acreage
  • Pest management flexibility
    • Loss of pesticide tactic
  • Constraint on new pesticides

Causes of Resistance

Independent of Pesticide

  • Genetic Factors
  • Ecological Factors
  • Severity of Selective Pressure

1. Genetic Causes of Resistance

  • Genetic Factors
  • Voltinism
  • Generation time
  • Fecundity
  • Behavioral factors

3. Selection Pressure

  • Selective pressure is “high” if a “low” percentage of susceptibles survive to reproduce - Reduce pressure by: (1) reduce dosage & (2) reduce frequency
  • Site of action
    • Alternating modes of action reduces pressure
  • Spatial coverage – reduce pressure by reducing coverage
  • Timing – Using pesticides after reproduction reduces selective pressure

Resistance Categories

  • Resistance to individual pesticides
    • Delayed entrance of toxicant
    • Increased deactivation/decreased activation
    • Decreased sensitivity
    • Behavioral avoidance
  • Resistance to multiple pesticides
    • Cross-resistance & class resistance
    • Multiple resistance
    • Multiplicate resistance

Resistance Management

  • Strategy
  • Reversal
    • Cease use of pesticide causing resistance. Problems
      • Probably the preferred control
      • May be used for other pests
      • Area-wide enforcement usually necessary
    • Refugia
    • Use synergists
    • Genetically manipulate the pest population (Gene Driving)