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Pesticide & Host Plant Resistance in IPM: Categories, Management & Advantages, Slides of Pest Management

Various resistance categories to individual and multiple pesticides, resistance management strategies and tactics, and the concept of host plant resistance (hpr) in integrated pest management (ipm). It covers hpr definitions, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, as well as factors affecting resistance expression.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 08/31/2013

jaee
jaee 🇮🇳

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Resistance Categories
Resistance to individual pesticides
1. Delayed entrance of toxicant
2. Increased deactivation/decreased activation
3. Decreased sensitivity
4. Behavioral avoidance
Resistance to multiple pesticides
1. Cross-resistance & class resistance
2. Multiple resistance
3. Multiplicate resistance
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13

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Resistance Categories

  • Resistance to individual pesticides
    1. Delayed entrance of toxicant
    2. Increased deactivation/decreased activation
    3. Decreased sensitivity
    4. Behavioral avoidance
  • Resistance to multiple pesticides
    1. Cross-resistance & class resistance
    2. Multiple resistance
    3. Multiplicate resistance

Resistance Management

  • Strategy
    • Saturation
    • Moderation
    • Multiple Attack
  • Tactics
    • Prevention
    • Reversal

Final Note

  • All management tactics are susceptible to

resistance

  • Resistance best managed preventatively
  • Pest management needs to pay more

attention to resistance management

  • Resistance management will become a

greater part of pest management over the

coming years

Host Plant Resistance in IPM

Your book uses the following approach

  1. Host Plant Resistance (HPR) – General

Concepts

  1. Conventional Plant Breeding
  2. Genetic Engineering
  3. Application of Pest Genetics in IPM

Our lecture will mostly concern additional material

Characteristics of the Pest

Complex

  • Damage Concentration – Complex with

most damage confined to a few pest

species is a good candidate for HPR

  • Identifiable plant-pest dependency
  • No conflicting pests
  • Few direct pests (HPR will likely make

product less usable)

Advantages/Disadvantages of HPR

  • Advantages: See list pp: 444 – 445
  • Disadvantages
    • Time required
    • Genetic Limitations
    • Pest Biotypes/Races
    • Conflicting Agronomic/Marketing Traits
    • Conflicting Pest Management Traits

HPR and the Injury Scale

  • “True” Resistance
    • Immunity – often restricted to a specific race
    • Highly Resistant – Relatively little injury
    • Low-Level Resistance – Less injury than avg.
    • Susceptible – About average injury
    • Highly Susceptible -- More than average
  • “Partial Resistance” – High & low-level
  • Note – “Susceptible” does not mean

“defenseless”, means average injury. Changes with change in prevailing cultivars.

HPR and the Yield Scale

  • “Tolerance”
    • Highly, Moderately Tolerant; Intolerant, Highly Intolerant
  • Creates two problems
    1. Pest builds up & may cause other problems
    2. Affected by many other factors (e.g. soil, nutrition, other pests) but the net effect can’t be measured until harvest.

Factors that affect resistance

expression

  • Physical Factors
  • Plant Nutrition
  • Biotic Factors
    • Plant factors
    • Pest factors
      • Biotype
      • Initial infestation level

HPR as a response by the pest

  • Antixenosis (non-preference) -- prevents pest

from commencing attack. Two types

  • Chemical – Allelochemicals are chemicals produced by one species (plant) to affect another species (pest).
  • Morphological – can be very long lasting.
  • Antibiosis – Interferes with pest attack once it

begins.

  • Pest has reduced survival, fecundity, reproduction, etc.
  • Two types
    • Primary metabolite missing
    • Toxin

Genetic Basis of HPR

  • Better understood for pathogens
    • Fewer control options
    • Effect of races more pronounced
    • Closer genetic association between pathogens & plants
  • Horizontal vs. Vertical Resistance
    • Vertical – based on one gene
    • Horizontal – based on >1 gene

Vertical – “All or None”

Vertical vs. Horizontal Resistance

in IPM

  • Vertical’s advantages over horizontal
    • Amenable to simple, qualitative scouting methods
    • Easier to develop & manipulate
    • Effectively resists initial attack vs. changing the rate of increase after attack
  • Vertical’s disadvantages relative to horiz.
    • May be too specific (single race)
    • May be overcome by pest more easily