Regula'on*of*Human*Energy*
Intake*
Emily*Dhurandhar,*PhD*
1/31/14*Energe'cs*Course*
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Factors Influencing Energy Intake: A Study on Physical Activity and Digestive Hormones, Lecture notes of Physiology
The relationship between energy intake and energy output through a study on physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and digestive hormones. The research involved 54 middle-aged men with sedentary lifestyles and used synchronized accelerometry and heart rate to observe prescribed and non-prescribed PAEE during an 18-week exercise intervention. The findings suggest that increased energy intake, rather than decreased energy expenditure, compensates for exercise regimens. The document also discusses various factors that influence energy intake, including mechanical sensing from the enteric nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones, and taste, smell, and sight.
What you will learn
- What were the findings of the study on 54 middle-aged men with sedentary lifestyles?
- What role do digestive hormones play in energy intake?
- How do mechanical sensing and taste, smell, and sight influence energy intake?
- How does physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) influence energy intake?
- What is the relationship between energy intake and energy output?
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Regula'on of Human Energy
Intake
Emily Dhurandhar, PhD
1/31/14 Energe'cs Course
Outline
I. Evidence that energy intake is regulated
II. Factors that influence energy intake
I. Physiological
II. Environmental
III. Food
Biometric Regula'on
• Is there an upper limit to energy intake?
Johnson & Speakman 2001. J Exp Biol 204:1925–
Biometric Regula'on
• Is there an upper limit to energy intake?
– Tour de France Cyclists expend approximately
7,000 kcal/day and maintain energy balance.
– Metabolic Scope for ac've wild animals ranges
from 1.3 to 7.0 (Hammond & Diamond, Nature
- Metabolic Scope = SusMR/RMR
- Tour de France Athletes= 3.5-‐5.5 (Westerterp et al J.
Appl. Physiol. 61, 2162–2167)
Does Energy Intake Reflect Energy Output? Response to day-‐to-‐day varia'ons in expenditure Edholhm et al. Bri'sh Journal of Nutri'on. 1955. 9(3):286-‐300.
Edholhm et al. Bri'sh Journal of Nutri'on. 1955. 9(3):286-‐300. Does Energy Intake Reflect Energy Output? Response to day-‐to-‐day varia'ons in expenditure
Turner et al. (2010). Nonprescribed physical activity energy expenditure is maintained with structured exercise and implicates a compensatory increase in energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 92: 1009-1016. Compensating during exercise regimen by increased EI, not decreased EE Control Exercise Intervention Prescribed EE Figure 1. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) throughout the study, no exercise group vs. prescribed exercise
- Sample: 54 middle-aged men with sedentary lifestyles (BMI: 28±3)
- Methods: Used synchronized accelerometry and heart rate to observe prescribed and non- prescribed PAEE during an 18-week exercise intervention, plus 2 week “detraining period”
- Results: No significant decrease in non-prescribed PAEE to compensate for prescribed PAEE
- Conclusion: Losing less weight than predicted by PAEE likely a result of increased energy intake (both groups were allowed to eat ad libidum ) PAEE differences between control and exercise groups, across time points
Westerterp. Nutri'on Reviews. 2010. 68(3):148-‐154.
“In conclusion, an exercise-‐induced increase in energy expenditure
induces increased energy intake, thus compensa'ng for the
addi'onal requirement, especially at higher exercise loads.”
Does Energy Intake Reflect Energy Output? Response to exercise
Evidence for Recovery from Errors in Energy Balance System
Recovery aher overfeeding
Short-‐term studies looking for reduc'on in ad lib intake following
overfeeding have mixed results.
-‐not long enough to produce substan'al weight change
He et al. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e
Evidence for Recovery from Errors in Energy Balance System
Recovery aher overfeeding
Roberts et al. Am J Physiol. 1990 Sep;259(3 Pt 2):R461-‐9.
The Biosphere 2 experiment (Weyer et al. Am J Clin Nutr October 2000 vol. 72 no. 4 946-‐953) Evidence for Recovery from Errors in Energy Balance System
Recovery aher underfeeding
- There is a lower limit to energy intake.
- Theory and animal evidence supports an upper limit to energy intake.
- Energy intake is adjusted to output, but there is a 'me lag in response and output dose may majer.
- Correc'on for perturba'ons in energy balance by long-‐term successive compensa'ons does occur. Is Energy Intake Regulated? Summary
- One of the first theories to explain short-‐term regula'on of food intake
- Proposed by Jean Mayer, 1955
- Based on four observa'ons:
- Glucose required for nerve cell ac'vity.
- Neurons with glucose receptors in hypothalamus are par'cularly ac've in hungry mice.
- Preferen'al use of carbohydrates as energy source in fed state.
- Low blood glucose associated with hunger, high blood glucose with meal cessa'on Factors that influence energy intake: Physiological Glucosta'c Theory
- One of the first theories to explain long-‐term regula'on of food intake
- Proposed by Jean-‐Mayer, 1955
- Proposes that energy intake is regulated over the long-‐term by body fat stores Factors that influence energy intake: Physiological Liposta'c Theory