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RBT exam prep
Frequency - Count of each instance Duration - Time spent engaged in single instance of target behavior Latency - Time from onset of stimulus to onset of response discontinuous measurement procedures - Recording a sample of instances of the target behavior according to predetermined schedule (e.g., momentary time sampling, partial interval, etc.) Partial interval recording - Recording if the target behavior occurred at any point in time in a predetermined interval permanent product recording procedures - Recording performance of a skill based on observing a finished product, not the actual performance of the skill preference assessments - Conducting formal assessment(s) to determine client preferences for various items/activities and/or implementing informal "preference checks" throughout sessions to ensure motivation remains high Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement - Items are presented in an array and the client is instructed to pick one and given time to engage with that item. After the engagement interval, the array is presented again without the already selected
item(s) and the client selects again. Process continues until all items are chosen or client stops choosing items. The FULL array is presented 3-5 times and selection percentage is calculated to give preference gradient. ABC Data - Data recorded on the immediate antecedent and consequence for observed instances of target behavior Rating Scale - Structured assessment form with questions regarding various functions of challenging behavior used to identify likely function(s) to be completed by primary caregivers and others familiar with client Reinforcement - The process of providing a reinforcer contingent on the client engaging in a behavior that you want to increase Reinforcer - A stimulus (item, activity, statement, etc.) that, when provided immediately after a response, results in an increase in the future frequency of that response Unconditioned Reinforcer - A stimulus that requires no learning history to have reinforcing value Fixed Ratio (FR) Reinforcement - A reinforcer follows a fixed number of responses Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforcement - A reinforcer follows a variable number of responses Fixed Interval (FI) Reinforcement -
Backward Chaining - Training the last step in the chain to fluency while prompting all preceding steps. Preceding steps are targeted for acquisition as the successive step reaches fluency. Total Task Presentation - Training all steps in the chain at the same time Stimulus Control - When a particular response occurs more frequently in the presence of one stimulus (or stimuli set) than in the presence of another stimulus (or stimuli set) Transfer of control - Performance established at one time in one place now occurs in a different time and place Prompt - An additional stimulus paired with the SD/instruction that brings about correct responding. Most-to-least prompting (MtL) - Type of prompt hierarchy beginning with most intrusive prompt required to gain correct responding and fading out as success is observed Least-to-most prompting (LtM) - Type of prompt hierarchy beginning with the least intrusive level of prompting and increasing as errors occur Discriminative Stimuli (SDs) - A stimulus in the the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced Environmental Enrichment -
Altering the environment to increase access to reinforcers currently available only contingent on certain behaviors Noncontingent Reinforcement - Access to the putative/ functional reinforcer is available independent of any particular responses/behaviors (i.e., getting the "good stuff" for free) Deprivation - Withholding or being without access to a reinforcer, thus increasing the value of accessing that reinforcer Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors - Providing functional reinforcer contingent on a specific alternative/ replacement behavior while withholding that reinforcer contingent on target negative behavior Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors - Providing functional reinforcer contingent on any behavior other than target negative behavior while withholding that reinforcer following instances of said negative behavior Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors - Providing functional reinforcer contingent on specific behavior(s) that are incompatible with the target negative behavior and withholding the reinforcer following instances of said negative behavior extinction procedures - Discontinuing the reinforcer maintaining a behavior, resulting in a decrease of that behavior (due to lack of reinforcement) Extinction Burst - An increase in the rate of the target behaviors, as well as other behavioral topographies serving the same function, following the introduction of extinction procedures. If extinction is implemented with fidelity, this is not long-term but may be very intense.
Assessment of effectiveness Modification plan Necessary components for a PROTOCOL - Purpose & rationale Relevant SDs Description of target response Step-by-step implementation process Error correction plan Reinforcement plan Data collection plan Necessary Preparation for sessions - Review notes Review recent data Review protocols Prep materials Maintain client dignity - Allowing choices where appropriate E.g., selection among reinforcers or programs, participation in goal selection, etc. Using client preferences/abilities in program planning E.g., not simply teaching all clients to bag groceries as a vocational skill, but rather identifying strengths that can be shaped into vocational skills Using as age-appropriate of language & interaction styles as are meaningful to the client Altering programming to most closely resemble contexts of same-aged peers E.g., may earn stickers or mom bucks for doing chores when client is 5, but earning actual money or "points" toward purchasing items when they're 15 Minimizing "audience" when challenging behaviors are occurring
E.g., not allowing siblings to watch restraint, moving kids out of the hallway if crying over argument, providing corrective feedback one-on-one rather than publicly, etc. Access function - Social positive reinforcement Behavior that is maintained by the presentation of/access to preferred items or activities following instances of that behavior Antecedent - Setting conditions before a target behavior occurs Attention function - Social positive reinforcement Behavior that is maintained by attention provided following instances of that behavior Baseline data - Data collected before any intervention is implemented Blocking - Use of your body or other environmental barriers to stop/ interrupt the opportunity for a behavior to occur. This does NOT include any behaviors that restrict client movement! Chaining - A specific sequence of responses is taught such that the completion of the previous response serves as the SD for the next response Conditioned reinforcer - A stimulus that requires learning history of pairing with other reinforcing stimuli to have reinforcing value
Planned staff response following client errors to ensure the SD is effectively paired with correct responding Escape function - Social negative reinforcement Behavior that is maintained by the removal or termination of aversive stimuli following instances of that behavior Establishing (motivating) operation - Procedures or conditions that establish value for behaviors previously associated with such conditions. Conditions that increase the value of the reinforcers produced by behaviors previously associated with those conditions Extinction - Discontinuing the reinforcer maintaining a behavior, resulting in a decrease of that behavior (due to lack of reinforcement) Generalization - Performance of a skill trained in one context in additional contexts that share similar stimuli, setting the occasion for skill performance Intermittent reinforcement - Only some instances of a behavior result in a reinforcer Maintenance - The continued performance of a previously trained skill in the absence of programmed contingencies Momentary time sampling -
Recording occurrence/non-occurrence at a specific point in time Multiple relationships - Any instance in which the RBT has a relationship (i.e., ongoing interaction) with a client other than as an RBT providing ABA therapy services Multiple stimulus with replacement - Preference assessment in which items are presented in an array and chosen items are returned to the array after the engagement period Paired choice preference assessment - Potential reinforcers are presented in pairs until each item is paired with each other item Prompt hierarchy - Any system of prompts along a gradient used as a means of promoting systematic use & removal of prompts Satiation - Consuming a substantial amount of a reinforcer, thus temporarily decreasing the value of that reinforcer Self-stimulation function - Automatic reinforcement Behavior that is maintained by the sensory input caused by the behavior itself
