Academic Referencing: In-Text Citation and Reference List Guidelines | Study notes Civil Engineering

This is a general guide to using the Harvard

Referencing System (also known as the name

and date system). It is based on the British

Standards. Many courses have their own

convention for how to reference your work.

If your tutor has given you guidance

on referencing, follow that instead.

There are two parts to referencing: i) marking in your

assignment when you are using another person’s

words or referring to another person’s ideas (in-text

referencing) and ii) listing the details of all these

references at the end of your assignment. All references

in the body of your assignment must match up with a full

reference in your final reference list. This must include the

information that your reader will need to easily find each

work you are referring to.

The reference list at the end of your work demonstrates the

depth of your research. It also acknowledges your sources

of information which, together with your in-text references,

protects you against the serious charge of plagiarism

(passing off others’ ideas as your own). Every quotation or

mention of another person’s ideas, theories or data must

reference the source it is taken from. So keep records of all

the sources you use in your work as you go!

This factsheet provides examples for the most common

sources you are likely to use. If you use a source that is

not covered, please create a reference based on general

referencing principles and include:

1. Author details (surname first) – use a corporate author/

organisation if no individual is named

2. Year the material was published/created

3. Title details

4. Publication details – where and by whom a document

was published (not always given for electronic material)

5. Online access details for sources that may change –

please include web address and date you viewed it

(you do not need to include online access details for

electronic versions of academic sources such as books

and journal articles)

References within your assignment

You can refer to the work of others in several ways within

your assignment:

1. Short quote – enclose in quotation marks within

your sentence.

2. Long quote – start on a new line, use single spacing

and indent.

3. Paraphrase – put another person’s ideas into your

own words.

All of these must include a reference to your original

source by inserting the author’s surname, year of

publication and page number(s) if appropriate alongside

your quote/paraphrase. If you have quoted (or paraphrased

a particular short section) you should include the page

number; if you are summarising a large section or the

entire work, you do not need to include a page number.

Examples

Author surname appears in the body of your sentence –

just add the date and page(s) in brackets after the name where

it occurs.

As Smith (2013, p.16) states, all resources must be

referenced.

Author surname is not given within the sentence –

include the name, year and page(s) you are referring to in

brackets at the end of the sentence.

It has been stated that all resources used to support your

arguments must be included in your reference list (Smith

2013, p.16).

Referencing: the Harvard way

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This is a general guide to using the Harvard

Referencing System (also known as the name

and date system). It is based on the British

Standards. Many courses have their own

convention for how to reference your work.

If your tutor has given you guidance

on referencing, follow that instead.

There are two parts to referencing: i) marking in your assignment when you are using another person’s words or referring to another person’s ideas (in-text referencing) and ii) listing the details of all these references at the end of your assignment. All references in the body of your assignment must match up with a full reference in your final reference list. This must include the information that your reader will need to easily find each work you are referring to. The reference list at the end of your work demonstrates the depth of your research. It also acknowledges your sources of information which, together with your in-text references, protects you against the serious charge of plagiarism (passing off others’ ideas as your own). Every quotation or mention of another person’s ideas, theories or data must reference the source it is taken from. So keep records of all the sources you use in your work as you go! This factsheet provides examples for the most common sources you are likely to use. If you use a source that is not covered, please create a reference based on general referencing principles and include:

Author details (surname first) – use a corporate author/ organisation if no individual is named
Year the material was published/created
Title details
Publication details – where and by whom a document was published (not always given for electronic material) 5. Online access details for sources that may change – please include web address and date you viewed it (you do not need to include online access details for electronic versions of academic sources such as books and journal articles)

References within your assignment

You can refer to the work of others in several ways within your assignment:

Short quote – enclose in quotation marks within your sentence.
Long quote – start on a new line, use single spacing and indent.
Paraphrase – put another person’s ideas into your own words. All of these must include a reference to your original source by inserting the author’s surname, year of publication and page number(s) if appropriate alongside your quote/paraphrase. If you have quoted (or paraphrased a particular short section) you should include the page number; if you are summarising a large section or the entire work, you do not need to include a page number. Examples Author surname appears in the body of your sentence – just add the date and page(s) in brackets after the name where it occurs. As Smith (2013, p.16) states, all resources must be referenced. Author surname is not given within the sentence – include the name, year and page(s) you are referring to in brackets at the end of the sentence. It has been stated that all resources used to support your arguments must be included in your reference list (Smith 2013, p.16).

Referencing: the Harvard way

Examples: multiple authors Two or three authors – all surnames should be given. (Smith and Jones 2013) (Smith, Jones and Brown 2013) More than three authors – the surname of only the first author is used, followed by et al. (Smith et al. 2013) No author – use ‘Anon.’ It is preferable to use an organisation/corporate author where possible instead (see below). (Anon. 2013) Corporation/organisation as author – use the company/ organisation name. (Department of Health 2013) Examples: films When referencing films in your assignment, give the title of the film followed by the year of production in brackets. Please note that the date is only necessary the first time a film is mentioned, after that the title is enough. Brassed Off (1996) Reference list at the end of your assignment The reference list should be arranged in alphabetical order by author. If an author has written alone and with others , the solo works come first, followed by any joint works. If an author has written more than one solo work , list them in date order (oldest to newest). If an author has written more than one work in a year , you need to add a, b, c, after the year for each reference to differentiate them. DOMINELLI, L., 2002a. Feminist social work theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave In text: (Dominelli 2002a) DOMINELLI, L., 2002b. Anti-oppressive social work theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave In text: (Dominelli 2002b) Style note This is Southampton Solent University’s interpretation of the British Standard Harvard referencing style. Whatever approach you take, you must be consistent in the style of your references. Troubleshooting How do I reference a PDF? Many documents are made available as PDFs – this is the format for viewing the document. To reference it, you need to work out what type of publication the PDF is. Is it a PDF of a book? Journal article? Conference paper? Report? You can then follow the reference style for the publication type. How do I reference lecture notes/presentations? You are advised to use academic sources for your work, but if you do wish to reference lecture notes you could follow this example: LECTURER, Year. Title of lecture or PowerPoint. Lecture delivered to [name of course, level #], date of lecture BROWN, P., 2014. The basics of Civil Engineering. Lecture delivered to HNC Civil Engineering, Level 4, 10th^ October 2014 Useful abbreviations Anon. anonymous ed(s). editor(s) or edition et al. and others (multiple authors) n.d. date unknown p. page pp. pages ibid. in the same book or article op. cit. in the work already quoted Getting more help For more information and examples of how to reference other types of publication, please see the referencing and plagiarism tutorials in succeed@solent within my Course. If you need further help with referencing, please contact the learning skills team by emailing succeed@solent.ac.uk or see your information librarian. More information is available from books in the library’s learning skills collection at 029.65 on floor 0C. Please note that Harvard is a popular style of referencing but there are other styles you could use. Please check with your tutor as to which style you are expected to follow. References BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 2010. BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation – Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. London: British Standards Institution Contact

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Online reports … (Lawton 2007) This has been discussed by Lawton (2007)... AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title

. Place of publication: Publisher [viewed date]. Available from: URL LAWTON, A., 2007. Supporting self-advocacy . London: Social Care Institute for Excellence [viewed 24 June 2008]. Available from: http://www. scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp06.pdf Some web resources do not give all the details you would find in a printed resource. Just include as much detail as is available to help the reader locate your source. Television or radio programme … ( Mary, Queen of Shops 2007) Mary, Queen of Shops (2007) shows… … ( Woman’s Hour 2008) As found by Woman’s Hour (2008)… Programme title ,^ Year [medium]. Channel. Date. Time Mary, queen of shops , 2007 [TV]. BBC2. 31 May. 21: Woman’s hour , 2008 [radio]. BBC Radio 4. 23 June. 10: Web pages including YouTube … (University of Staffordshire 2003) Findings from the University of Staffordshire (2003)… Web pages – include the web address and the date at which you viewed it (this is needed in case the web page changes and the URL is updated). AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title [viewed date]. Available from: URL UNIVERSITY OF STAFFORDSHIRE, 2003. Computers in teaching and learning [viewed 24 June 2008]. Available from: http://www.staffs.ac.uk/ cita/welcomeframe.html Secondary references - when referring to a source discussed in a text you are reading, reference the source you have actually read^ Secondary references Shuell (cited in Biggs and Tang 2011, p.97) …. … (Shuell cited in Biggs and Tang 2011, p.97) BIGGS, J. and C. TANG, 2011. Teaching for quality learning at university . 3 rd^ ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press Authors – multiple, corporate and missing authors^ One author – surname^ comes before initial(s) … (Prentice 2008, p.45) Prentice (2008, p.45) has argued… PRENTICE, W.E., 2008. Essentials of athletic injury management. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Two or three authors – subsequent authors’ initial(s) come before surname

(Smith, Stewart and Cullen 2006) Smith, Stewart and Cullen (2006) state … SMITH, F., R. STEWART and D. CULLEN, 2006. Adoption now: law, regulations, guidance and standards. London: BAAF More than three authors – include first author and add et al. for others … (Harrison et al. , 2005) The work of Harrison et al. (2005) shows… HARRISON, M. et al ., 2005. Housing, ‘race’ and community cohesion

. Coventry: Chartered Institute of Housing Corporate authors – e.g. Organisations, Institutions … (Home Office 2001) The Home Office (2001) also suggests… HOME OFFICE, 2001. Policing a new century: a blueprint for reform . Norwich: The Stationery Office No author use Anon. - ideally use corporate author instead … (Anon. 2004, p.21) As evidenced by Anon. (2004, p.21)… ANON., 2004. Social services year book 2004 . 32nd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Alternative Sources continued

Academic Referencing: In-Text Citation and Reference List Guidelines, Study notes of Civil Engineering

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Partial preview of the text

Download Academic Referencing: In-Text Citation and Reference List Guidelines and more Study notes Civil Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!

This is a general guide to using the Harvard

Referencing System (also known as the name

and date system). It is based on the British

Standards. Many courses have their own

convention for how to reference your work.

If your tutor has given you guidance

on referencing, follow that instead.

References within your assignment

Referencing: the Harvard way

Mountbatten Library

Enquiries: 023 8201 3681

www.solent.ac.uk/library