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Locomotion and Movement: A Study of Skeletal, Muscular and Joint Systems, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology of microorganisms

An overview of the locomotion and movement systems of the human body. It covers various topics such as bones, muscles, joints, types of movements, and properties and types of muscles. It also includes information on the structure of myofibrils and the mechanism of muscle contraction.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2018/2019

Uploaded on 10/11/2019

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[130]
Chapter-20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Arthritis : an enflamm atory joint diease characteresed by enflammation of joints.
Coccyx : tail bone formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae in man.
Dicondylic Skill : A Skull with two occipital condyles.
Endo Skeleton : A skeleton present outside the body.
Fascicule : Bundles of muscles febers held together by connective tissue.
Fascia : Collagenous connective tissue layer that surrounds muscle bundles.
Floating ribs : The ribs that remain free anteriorly.
False ribs : The ribs whose sternal part are join to sternal part of a true rib.
Myoglobin : A red coloured pigment present in sarcoplasm of muscle.
Sarcolema : A portion of myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines.
Sarcocolema : The plasma membrane of a muscle.
Gout : Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystal.
Suture : immovable joints between skull bones.
Synovial joints : Freely movable joints between limb bones.
Patella : A sesamoid bone acting as kneecap
Intervertebral disc : Fibro carti lagenous pad present between the vertebrae and
act as shock absorbers.
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[130]

Chapter-

LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Arthritis : an enflamm atory joint diease characteresed by enflammation of joints. Coccyx : tail bone formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae in man. Dicondylic Skill : A Skull with two occipital condyles. Endo Skeleton : A skeleton present outside the body. Fascicule : Bundles of muscles febers held together by connective tissue. Fascia : Collagenous connective tissue layer that surrounds muscle bundles. Floating ribs : The ribs that remain free anteriorly. False ribs : The ribs whose sternal part are join to sternal part of a true rib. Myoglobin : A red coloured pigment present in sarcoplasm of muscle. Sarcolema : A portion of myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines. Sarcocolema : The plasma membrane of a muscle. Gout : Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystal. Suture : immovable joints between skull bones. Synovial joints : Freely movable joints between limb bones. Patella : A sesamoid bone acting as kneecap Intervertebral disc : Fibro carti lagenous pad present between the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers.

CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12

[131]

L.M.M. : Light meromyosin HMM : Heavy meromysoin Types of Movement :

1. Amoeboid movement : These movement takes place in phagocytes where leucocytes and macrophages migrate through tissue. It is affected by pseudepodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in amocba) 2. Celiary movement : These movement occurs in internal organs which are lined by ciliary epithelium. 3. Muscular Movement : This movement involve the muscle fibers, which have the ability to contract and relex. Properties of Muscle : (i) Excitability (ii) Contractility (iii) Extensibility (iv) Elasticity Types of Muscles : (a) Skeletal muscles or striated muscles - These involved in locomotion and change of body postures. Thes are also known as voluntary muscles. (b) Visceral muscles or smooth muscles - These are located in inner wall of hollow visceral organ, smooth in appearance and their activity are not under control of nervous system. (c) Cardiac muscles - The muscles of heart, involuntary in nature, steriated and branched, These are uni nucleated. Structure of myofibril : Each myofibril consist of alternate dark and light band. Dark band - contain myosim protien and is called A-band or Anisotroic band. Light band - Contain actin protien and is called I Band or Isotropic band.

CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12

[133]

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S te r u m 1

R ib s 1 2 p a irs

G ird le s (6 b o n es ) P e c to r a l (S h o u ld e r g ird le ) P e lv ic ( H ip g ir d le )

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sc a p u la - 2

L im b s ( 1 2 0 b o n e s)

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F e m u r - 2 T ib ia - 2 F ib u la - 2 P a te lla - Ta r sa ls - 1 4 M e ta tar sa l - 1 0 p h a la n g e s - 2 8 Jo in ts

F ib ro u s jo in ts d o n o t a llo w m o v m e n t

C a rte leg e n o u s jo in ts S y n o v ia l jo in a llo w v e ry slig h t m o v e m en t

F re e ly m o v a b le E x - J o in ts b e tw e e n th e b o n e o f s k u ll

E x - J o in t b e tw ee n a d ja c e n t v e rte b ra e B a ll a n d s o c k e t Jo in ts

H in g e Jo in ts

P iv o t Jo in ts

G lid in g Jo in ts

S a d d ls Jo itn s E x - b etw e e n h u m e ro u s a n d p e c to r a l g ird le

E x - k n e e E x - A tla s a n d a x is

E x - b etw e e n c a rp a ls

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Jo in t

CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12

[134]

QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)

  1. How many bones are present in each limb?
  2. Why do skeletal muscle show steriation.
  3. Name last two pairs of ribs.
  4. Write the name of chemical that causes fatigue in the museles.
  5. What lubricate the freely movable joints at the shoulder.
  6. Name of longest bone of human body.
  7. Give the first vertebra.
  8. Define a sarcomere.
  9. Name the cup shaped bone that constitues the knee cap. Short Answer Questions-II (2 marks each)
  10. Wrtie any two difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
  11. Distinguish between red fibre and white fiber.
  12. Name the two types of girdles found in human body and write their role.
  13. State the role of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction.
  14. Name the bones of fore limb (hand) of human body. Give their number in each limb. Short Answer Questions-I (3 marks each)
  15. What makes the synovial joints fredy movable? List any four types of synovial joints.
  16. Name the category of bones forming the ribcage. How are these articulated to each other to form the cage?
  17. How are actin and myosin filament arrenged in a muscle fibre?
  18. Mention the factor which is responsible for the following : (i) Tetany (ii) Gout (iii) osteoporosis Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)
  19. Explain the important steps of sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12