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Chapter-
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Arthritis : an enflamm atory joint diease characteresed by enflammation of joints. Coccyx : tail bone formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae in man. Dicondylic Skill : A Skull with two occipital condyles. Endo Skeleton : A skeleton present outside the body. Fascicule : Bundles of muscles febers held together by connective tissue. Fascia : Collagenous connective tissue layer that surrounds muscle bundles. Floating ribs : The ribs that remain free anteriorly. False ribs : The ribs whose sternal part are join to sternal part of a true rib. Myoglobin : A red coloured pigment present in sarcoplasm of muscle. Sarcolema : A portion of myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines. Sarcocolema : The plasma membrane of a muscle. Gout : Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystal. Suture : immovable joints between skull bones. Synovial joints : Freely movable joints between limb bones. Patella : A sesamoid bone acting as kneecap Intervertebral disc : Fibro carti lagenous pad present between the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers.
CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12
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L.M.M. : Light meromyosin HMM : Heavy meromysoin Types of Movement :
1. Amoeboid movement : These movement takes place in phagocytes where leucocytes and macrophages migrate through tissue. It is affected by pseudepodia formed by the streaming of protoplasm (as in amocba) 2. Celiary movement : These movement occurs in internal organs which are lined by ciliary epithelium. 3. Muscular Movement : This movement involve the muscle fibers, which have the ability to contract and relex. Properties of Muscle : (i) Excitability (ii) Contractility (iii) Extensibility (iv) Elasticity Types of Muscles : (a) Skeletal muscles or striated muscles - These involved in locomotion and change of body postures. Thes are also known as voluntary muscles. (b) Visceral muscles or smooth muscles - These are located in inner wall of hollow visceral organ, smooth in appearance and their activity are not under control of nervous system. (c) Cardiac muscles - The muscles of heart, involuntary in nature, steriated and branched, These are uni nucleated. Structure of myofibril : Each myofibril consist of alternate dark and light band. Dark band - contain myosim protien and is called A-band or Anisotroic band. Light band - Contain actin protien and is called I Band or Isotropic band.
CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12
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sk u ll (2 9 b o n e s) c ra n iu m - 8 F a c e - 1 4 E ar o ss ic e le - 6 H y o id - 1
v e r te b r a e (2 6 ) C e rv ic a l - 7 T h o ra c ic - 1 2 L u m b e r - 5 S a c ra l - 1 C a u d a l - 1
S te r u m 1
R ib s 1 2 p a irs
G ird le s (6 b o n es ) P e c to r a l (S h o u ld e r g ird le ) P e lv ic ( H ip g ir d le )
C la v icle - 2
sc a p u la - 2
L im b s ( 1 2 0 b o n e s)
F o re lim b s (6 0 b o n e s) H in d lim b s ( 6 0 b o n e s ) H u m e ru s - 2 R a d iu s - 2 U ln a - 2 C a rp a ls - 6 M e ta C a rp a ls - 1 0 P h a la n g e s - 2 8
F e m u r - 2 T ib ia - 2 F ib u la - 2 P a te lla - Ta r sa ls - 1 4 M e ta tar sa l - 1 0 p h a la n g e s - 2 8 Jo in ts
F ib ro u s jo in ts d o n o t a llo w m o v m e n t
C a rte leg e n o u s jo in ts S y n o v ia l jo in a llo w v e ry slig h t m o v e m en t
F re e ly m o v a b le E x - J o in ts b e tw e e n th e b o n e o f s k u ll
E x - J o in t b e tw ee n a d ja c e n t v e rte b ra e B a ll a n d s o c k e t Jo in ts
H in g e Jo in ts
P iv o t Jo in ts
G lid in g Jo in ts
S a d d ls Jo itn s E x - b etw e e n h u m e ro u s a n d p e c to r a l g ird le
E x - k n e e E x - A tla s a n d a x is
E x - b etw e e n c a rp a ls
E x b e tw e e n c a rp la s a n d m e ta c a r p a ls o f th u m b
Jo in t
CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12
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QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)
- How many bones are present in each limb?
- Why do skeletal muscle show steriation.
- Name last two pairs of ribs.
- Write the name of chemical that causes fatigue in the museles.
- What lubricate the freely movable joints at the shoulder.
- Name of longest bone of human body.
- Give the first vertebra.
- Define a sarcomere.
- Name the cup shaped bone that constitues the knee cap. Short Answer Questions-II (2 marks each)
- Wrtie any two difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
- Distinguish between red fibre and white fiber.
- Name the two types of girdles found in human body and write their role.
- State the role of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction.
- Name the bones of fore limb (hand) of human body. Give their number in each limb. Short Answer Questions-I (3 marks each)
- What makes the synovial joints fredy movable? List any four types of synovial joints.
- Name the category of bones forming the ribcage. How are these articulated to each other to form the cage?
- How are actin and myosin filament arrenged in a muscle fibre?
- Mention the factor which is responsible for the following : (i) Tetany (ii) Gout (iii) osteoporosis Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)
- Explain the important steps of sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
CBSE sample papers, Question papers, Notes for Class 6 to 12
