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2. a. Practical to based on Strings, Putting Two Strings Together, Joining Strings with the Print() Function, Putting Strings Together in Different Ways. #Putting Two Strings Together string1 = "Hello" string2 = "World" result = string1 + " " + string print(result) #Joining Strings with the Print() Function words = ["Hello", "World"] result = " ".join(words) print(result) #Putting Strings Together in Different Ways name = "Navin" age = 22 message = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old." print(message) #Repeat String text = "Python" repeated_text = text * 3 print(repeated_text) #use f-strings to embed variables name = "Navin" age = 22 message = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old." print(message) 2.b. Practical based on Simple statements using Variables, Built-in Data Types, Arithmetic operations #Built-in Data Types name = "Alice" # String age = 25 # Integer height = 5.8 # Float is_student = True # Boolean print(name) print(age) print(height) print(is_student) #Arithmetic Operations num1 = 10 num2 = 5 sum_result = num1 + num difference_result = num1 - num product_result = num1 * num division_result = num1 / num print("Sum:", sum_result) print("Difference:", difference_result)
print("Product:", product_result) print("Division:", division_result)
3. Variables, Tuples, Lists and Dictionaries a. Practical based on using Tuples, Lists, Dictionaries. #simple tuple thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry") print(thistuple) print(thistuple[0]) print(thistuple[1]) print(thistuple[2]) #length thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") print(len(thistuple)) #simple List thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(thislist) print(thislist[0]) print(thislist[1]) print(thislist[2]) #list length thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(len(thislist)) #Dictionaries thisdict = { "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 } print(thisdict) 4. Making Decisions a. Programs based on decision and looping statements, for statement and the range function; interactively using the built-in functions len, sum, max, min. #MAX and MIN numbers = [34, 12, 89, 56, 21] maximum = max(numbers) minimum = min(numbers) print("Maximum value:", maximum) print("Minimum value:", minimum) #len user_input = input("Enter a word or phrase: ") length = len(user_input) print(f"The input has {length} characters.")
6. Classes and Objects a. Program to demonstrate Defining a Class and Object. class Dog: attr1 = "mammal" attr2 = "dog" def fun(self): print("I'm a", self.attr1) print("I'm a", self.attr2) Rodger = Dog() print(Rodger.attr1) Rodger.fun() 7. Organizing Programs a. Practical to Create, Import and use Package and Modules. #math_operations.py def add(a, b): return a + b def subtract(a, b): return a – b
string_operations.py
defconcatenate_strings(str1, str2): return str1 + str defcapitalize_string(s): returns.capitalize() #main.py frommy_package import math_operations, string_operations result1 = math_operations.add(5, 3) result2 = math_operations.subtract(10, 4) result3 = string_operations.concatenate_strings("Hello, ", "World!") result4 = string_operations.capitalize_string("python") print("Addition:", result1) print("Subtraction:", result2) print("Concatenation:", result3) print("Capitalization:", result4) **8. Files and Directories a. Program to Writing Text Files, Appending Text to a File, Reading Text Files.
Writing Text Files**
with open("example.txt", "w") as file: file.write("This is the first line.\n") file.write("This is the second line.\n") print("Text written to file.") # Appending Text to a File with open("example.txt", "a") as file: file.write("This is appended text.\n") print("Text appended to file.")
#Reading Text Files with open("example.txt", "r") as file: content = file.read() print("File content:") print(content) 8.b. Program to demonstrate Paths and Directories, File Information, Renaming, Moving, Copying, and Removing Files. Import os import shutil # Create a directory and a file os.mkdir("example_directory") with open("example_directory/example_file.txt", "w") as file: file.write("This is a sample file.") # Get the current working directory current_dir = os.getcwd() print(f"Current directory: {current_dir}") # List the files and directories in the current directory contents = os.listdir(current_dir) print(f"Contents of the current directory: {contents}") # Retrieve file information file_path = "example_directory/example_file.txt" file_size = os.path.getsize(file_path) file_mtime = os.path.getmtime(file_path) print(f"File size: {file_size} bytes") print(f"Last modified time: {file_mtime}") # Rename a file new_file_path = "example_directory/renamed_file.txt" os.rename(file_path, new_file_path) # Move a file to a different directory destination_path = "moved_directory/renamed_file.txt" os.mkdir("moved_directory") shutil.move(new_file_path, destination_path) # Copy a file to another directory copied_file_path = "moved_directory/copied_file.txt" shutil.copy(destination_path, copied_file_path) # Remove a file os.remove(copied_file_path) # Remove a directory and its contents
# Define the expected options and their possible arguments opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv, "hi:o:") except getopt.GetoptError: # Handle errors if there are any invalid options or missing arguments print("Usage: basic_example.py -i -o ") sys.exit(2) # Process the options and their arguments for opt, arg in opts: if opt == '-h':
Display a help message and exit if the user specifies -h
print("Usage: basic_example.py -i -o ") sys.exit() elif opt == '-i': # Store the input file name when -i is specified input_file = arg elif opt == '-o': # Store the output file name when -o is specified output_file = arg # Perform some operation using input_file and output_file print("Input file:", input_file) print("Output file:", output_file) if name == "main": # Call the main function with command-line arguments excluding the script name main(sys.argv[1:]) 9.d. Program based on using Threads. import threading import time def task1(): for i in range(5): print("Task 1 - Iteration", i) time.sleep(1) def task2(): for i in range(5): print("Task 2 - Iteration", i) time.sleep(1) thread1 = threading.Thread(target=task1) thread2 = threading.Thread(target=task2) thread1.start() thread2.start() thread1.join() thread2.join() print("Both threads have finished.")
10. Building a Module
a. Practical based on Creating Modules and Packages. #math_operations.py def add(a, b): return a + b def subtract(a, b): return a – b
string_operations.py
def concatenate_strings(str1, str2): return str1 + str defcapitalize_string(s): returns.capitalize() #main.py frommy_package import math_operations, string_operations result1 = math_operations.add(5, 3) result2 = math_operations.subtract(10, 4) result3 = string_operations.concatenate_strings("Hello, ", "World!") result4 = string_operations.capitalize_string("python") print("Addition:", result1) print("Subtraction:", result2) print("Concatenation:", result3) print("Capitalization:", result4) 10.b. Program based on Creating Classes, Extending Existing Classes. class Animal: def init(self, name, species): self.name = name self.species = species def speak(self): print(f"{self.name} makes a sound.") class Dog(Animal): def init(self, name, breed): super().init(name, species="Dog") self.breed = breed def speak(self): print(f"{self.name} barks.") class Cat(Animal): def init(self, name, color): super().init(name, species="Cat") self.color = color def speak(self): print(f"{self.name} meows.") dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever") cat = Cat("Whiskers", "Gray")
label.pack() root.mainloop() 12.b. Programs Creating Layouts, Packing Order, Controlling Widget Appearances. import tkinter as tk # Create a new Tkinter window window = tk.Tk() window.geometry("400x300") window.title("GUI Widgets Example") # Create and configure a Label widget label = tk.Label(window, text="Hello, Tkinter!") label.pack() # Add the widget to the window # Create and configure an Entry widget entry = tk.Entry(window) entry.insert(0, "Default Text") entry.pack() # Create and configure a Button widget with a callback function defbutton_click(): user_text = entry.get() label.config(text=f"Hello, {user_text}!") button = tk.Button(window, text="Greet", command=button_click) button.pack() # Create and configure a Checkbutton widget check_var = tk.BooleanVar() checkbutton = tk.Checkbutton(window, text="Check me", variable=check_var) checkbutton.pack() # Create and configure a Radiobutton widget radio_var = tk.StringVar() radio_var.set("Option 1") # Default selection radio1 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text="Option 1", variable=radio_var, value="Option 1") radio2 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text="Option 2", variable=radio_var, value="Option 2") radio1.pack() radio2.pack() # Create and configure a Listbox widget listbox = tk.Listbox(window) for item in ["Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"]: listbox.insert(tk.END, item) listbox.pack() # Create and configure a Scale widget scale = tk.Scale(window, from_=0, to=100, orient="horizontal")
scale.pack() # Create and configure a Spinbox widget spinbox = tk.Spinbox(window, from_=0, to=10) spinbox.pack() # Start the main GUI loop window.mainloop()
13. Accessing Databases a. Practical based on using DBM - Creating Persistent Dictionaries and Accessing Persistent Dictionaries. #Creating a Persistent Dictionary: import dbm
Create a new DBM database or open an existing one
with dbm.open("my_dbm.db", "c") as db: # Add key-value pairs to the persistent dictionary db[b'apple'] = b'red' db[b'banana'] = b'yellow' db[b'cherry'] = b'red' print("Database created and data added.") #Accessing the Persistent Dictionary: import dbm
Open the existing DBM database
with dbm.open("my_dbm.db", "r") as db: # Access and print values by key print("Color of apple:", db[b'apple'].decode()) print("Color of banana:", db[b'banana'].decode()) print("Color of cherry:", db[b'cherry'].decode()) **OUTPUT:
- b. Practical based on using Relational Database - Writing SQL Statements, Defining Tables, Setting Up a Database.** import sqlite # Connect to or create an SQLite database (e.g., my_database.db) connection = sqlite3.connect("my_database.db") # Create a cursor object for executing SQL statements cursor = connection.cursor() # Create a table named 'employees' cursor.execute(''' CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS employees (
# Create a connection to a SQLite database (or create it if it doesn't exist) connection = sqlite3.connect("my_database.db") # Create a cursor object for executing SQL statements cursor = connection.cursor() # Begin a transaction cursor.execute("BEGIN") # Insert data into the 'students' table within a transaction cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ('Alice', 25)) cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ('Bob', 30)) # Commit the transaction to save the changes connection.commit() # Close the connection connection.close() print("Data inserted into the 'students' table within a transaction.") OUTPUT:
14. Using Python for XML 14.a. Program to demonstrate processing XML document, using XML Libraries. import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET # Sample XML data as a string xml_data = ''' Alice 30 Bob 25 ''' # Parse the XML data into an ElementTree object root = ET.fromstring(xml_data)
Extract and print information from the XML
for person in root.findall('person'): name = person.find('name').text age = person.find('age').text print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")
14.b. Program to demonstrate HTML Parsing. from html.parser import HTMLParser class Parser(HTMLParser):
method to append the start tag to the list start_tags.
defhandle_starttag(self, tag, attrs): global start_tags start_tags.append(tag)
method to append the end tag to the list end_tags.
defhandle_endtag(self, tag): global end_tags end_tags.append(tag)
method to append the data between the tags to the list all_data.
defhandle_data(self, data): global all_data all_data.append(data)
method to append the comment to the list comments.
defhandle_comment(self, data): global comments comments.append(data) start_tags = [] end_tags = [] all_data = [] comments = []
Creating an instance of our class.
parser = Parser()
Poviding the input.
parser.feed('
Satyam Blog' 'I love Tea.
<' '/body>') print("start tags:", start_tags) print("end tags:", end_tags) print("data:", all_data) print("comments", comments)
Practical Name : Python Program To Swap Two Variable Using Temp Variable x= y= temp=x x=y y=temp print("the value of x after swapping : {}".format(x)) print("the value of y after swapping : {}".format(y))
Python Program to swap two variable without using temp variable x= y= x,y=y,x
if p==1: print("\n" +str(n)+ " is not a Prime Number") else: print("\n" +str(n)+ " is a Prime Number") Practical Name :Python Program Based on List(even , odd) numlist = list() evenlist = list() oddlist = list() for i in range(0,10): n=int(input("enter the numbers")) numlist.append(n) print(numlist) for j in range(0,10): if numlist[j] % 2 == 0: evenlist.append(numlist[j]) else: oddlist.append(numlist[j]) print("The Original numbers are: ",numlist) print("The Even numbers are: ",evenlist) print("The Odd numbers are: ",oddlist) Pratical Name: Factorial Number ( In Range ) n=int(input("enter the number: ")) fact= if n <0 : print("enter positive number") elif n==1: print("factorial is 1") else: for i in range(1,n+1): fact=fact*i print("factorial of given number is :",fact) Pratical Name: Write A Python Program To Demonstrate Given Number Is Even Or Odd num=int(input("enter the number")) if(num%2)==0: print("the number is even") else: print("the number is odd") PraticalName :PracticalBased On Simple Statements Using Variables, Built-In Data Types, Arithmetic Operations, Etc. num1 = input("enter first number") num2 = input("enter second number") sum = float(num1) + float(num2) min = float(num1) - float(num2) mul = float(num1) * float(num2) div = float(num1) / float(num2) print("the sum of {0} and {1} is {2}".format(num1,num2,sum));
print("the substraction of {0} and {1} is {2}".format(num1,num2,min)); print("the multiplication of {0} and {1} is {2}".format(num1,num2,mul)); print("the division of {0} and {1} is {2}".format(num1,num2,div)); *Db. import sqlite conn = sqlite3.connect('test.db') print("Opened database successfully") conn.execute('''CREATE TABLE COMPANY (ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR(50), SALARY REAL);''') print("Table created successfully") conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 )"); conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 )"); conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 )"); conn.execute("INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 )"); conn.commit() print ("Records created successfully") cursor = conn.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY") for row in cursor: print("ID = ", row[0]) print("NAME = ", row[1]) print("ADDRESS = ", row[2]) print("SALARY = ", row[3], "\n") conn.execute("UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID = 1") conn.commit print("Total number of rows updated :", conn.total_changes) cursor = conn.execute("SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY") for row in cursor: print("ID = ", row[0]) print("NAME = ", row[1])
7. Close the cursor and connection when done
cursor.close() connection.close()
