psychology second semester, Study notes of Psychology

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THINKING AND REASONING

Dr Zahiruddin Othman Department of Psychiatry 10 Oct 2002

What Is Thinking?

 Thinking or cognition, refers to

m entally processing inform ation

 It takes many forms, including

daydreaming, problem solving and

reasoning

Common Uses of Mental Images

 To make decision or solve a problem

 To help understand a verbal description

 To change feelings

 To explain or describe something

 To improve a skill or to prepare for

some action

 To aid memory

Using Mental Images

 Stored image

 A mental image retained in memory and retrieved when appropriate

 Created image

 A mental image that has been assembled or invented rather than simply remembered

 Kinesthetic image

 Any mental representation based on produced, remembered, or imagined muscular sensation

Types of Concept

 Conjunctive concepts

 A class of objects that have 2 or more features in common

 Relational concepts

 A concept defined by the relationship between features of an object or between an object and its surrounding e.g., “greater than”

 Disjunctive concepts

 A concept defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features

Prototypes

 An ideal model used as a prime

example of a particular concept

Problem Solving (1)

 Mechanical solution

 A problem solution achieved by trial and error or by a fixed procedure based on learned rules

 Solution by understanding

 Understanding : a deeper comprehension of the nature of a problem  General solution : correctly states the requirement for success but not enough for further action  Functional solution : a detailed, practical, and workable solution

Problem Solving (2)

 Heuristics

 Any strategy or technique that aids

problem solving, especially by

limiting the number of possible

solutions to be tried

 Insightful solution

 Insight : a sudden mental

reorganization of a problem that

makes solution obvious

Quiz 2

 What mathematical symbol you can put

between 2 and 3 that result in a

number greater than 2 and less than 3?

Quiz 3

 A ship is moving toward port at 20 km/h. it is

50 km from the port when a bird flies toward

the port. At the same instant, a boat leaves

port at 30 km/h. The bird flies back and forth

between the boat and the ship at a speed 40

km/h. How far the bird have flown when the

boat and ship pass?

30 km/h   40 km/h   20 km/h 50 km

Intelligence

 Intelligence

 Is an overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment

 Intelligent quotient (IQ)

 An index of intelligence defined as a person’s mental age divided by his chronological age and multiplied by 100  (MA/CA) X 100

Deviation IQs

 Scores based on a person relative

standing in his/her group

 Normal distribution

 Mean IQ = 100

 1 SD = 15

 +2 SD = 130 (gifted)

 -2 SD = 70 (MR)

Mental Retardation

 Definition requires

 IQ < 70

 Inability to perform adaptive behaviors

 Dressing, eating, communicating, shopping, working etc

IQ range Degree ofretardation^ Educationalclassification^ Required levelof support

50-55 to 70 Mild Educable Intermittent

35-45 to 50-55 Moderate Trainable Limited

20-25 to 35-40 Severe Dependent Extensive

Below 20-25 Profound Life support Pervasive