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PSYC 4310 Exam 2025: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Psychology Theories, Exams of Nursing

Buckinghamshire New UniversityNursing

A set of multiple choice questions and answers covering various psychological theories, including rogers' theory of incongruence, kuhn's paradigm shifts, gestalt psychology, tolman's intervening variable, kelly's personal constructs, freud's dream analysis, adler's inferiority complex, acceptance and commitment therapy (act), popper's scientific methodology, heidegger's concepts of anxiety and courage, jung's collective consciousness, lewin's tension-system hypothesis, rollo may's human dilemma, and more. It offers a valuable resource for students studying psychology, particularly those preparing for exams.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/12/2025

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PSYC 4310 EXAM 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH
100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
1.
Describe what it means for a person to be incongruent according to
Rogers' theory.
An incongruent person is someone who has achieved self-
actualization and personal freedom.
An incongruent person is someone who fully embraces their true
feelings and experiences.
An incongruent person is someone whose self-perception does
not align with their actual experiences and feelings.
An incongruent person is someone who is always honest with
themselves.
2.
In the context of Kuhn's work, how does a paradigm influence the
direction of psychological research?
A paradigm dictates the ethical standards for psychological
research.
A paradigm limits the scope of research to only historical
perspectives.
A paradigm encourages researchers to focus solely on
quantitative data.
A paradigm shapes the questions researchers ask and the
methods they use to find answers.
3.
Describe the significance of the statement 'The whole is different than
the sum of its parts' in the context of Gestalt psychology.
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Download PSYC 4310 Exam 2025: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Psychology Theories and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

PSYC 4310 EXAM 2025 |150 QUESTIONS WITH

100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

  1. Describe what it means for a person to be incongruent according to Rogers' theory. An incongruent person is someone who has achieved self- actualization and personal freedom. An incongruent person is someone who fully embraces their true feelings and experiences. An incongruent person is someone whose self-perception does not align with their actual experiences and feelings. An incongruent person is someone who is always honest with themselves.
  2. In the context of Kuhn's work, how does a paradigm influence the direction of psychological research? A paradigm dictates the ethical standards for psychological research. A paradigm limits the scope of research to only historical perspectives. A paradigm encourages researchers to focus solely on quantitative data. A paradigm shapes the questions researchers ask and the methods they use to find answers.
  3. Describe the significance of the statement 'The whole is different than the sum of its parts' in the context of Gestalt psychology.

This statement emphasizes that perception and experience cannot be fully understood by analyzing individual components alone.

Theory Paradigm Model Hypothesis

  1. Who are the three key figures credited with founding Gestalt Psychology? B.F. Skinner, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Abraham Maslow Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Albert Bandura Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler
  2. May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the: existential conflict human dilemma source of all human problems mind-body problem
  3. Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? We perceive our environment through separate but equal senses. The world is best understood by breaking it down into individual elements. Where one sense is lost, another is gained. The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
  1. What are the three historical areas that have defined psychology according to the provided text? mind, spirit, consciousness behavior, emotion, thought mind, body, environment cognition, perception, behavior
  2. What does the latent content in Freud's dream analysis refer to? The emotional response to the dream The actual events in the dream The symbols used in the dream What those images mean
  3. How do Adler's feelings of inferiority influence an individual's motivation throughout their life? They have no significant impact on motivation. They drive individuals to seek power and overcome perceived weaknesses. They lead individuals to avoid challenges and remain passive. They encourage individuals to focus solely on social relationships.
  4. How does Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) differ from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in its approach to thoughts and feelings? ACT emphasizes the analysis of unconscious motives. ACT seeks to enhance personal freedom through cognitive restructuring.

A psychological factor that influences behavior An environmental condition

  1. What term does George Kelly use to describe the systems humans create to reduce uncertainty and predict future events? Gestalt Principles Construct Systems Psychological Constructs Cognitive Dissonance
  2. Describe the concept of Collective Consciousness as proposed by Jung and its significance in understanding personality. Collective Consciousness is a theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in personality development. Collective Consciousness refers to personal memories unique to an individual. Collective Consciousness is a concept by Jung that represents the shared experiences and memories of humanity, influencing individual personality. Collective Consciousness is the conscious awareness of one's own thoughts and feelings.
  3. Who is known for testing Lewin's tension-system hypothesis regarding motivation? Carl Rogers Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Bluma Zeigarnik
  1. According to Rollo May, what are the two aspects of human nature described in the Human Dilemma? We are both objects and subjects of experience. We are neither objects nor subjects of experience. We are only subjects of experience. We are only objects of experience.
  2. In a scenario where an individual consistently avoids making choices in their life, what psychological consequence might they experience according to Heiddeger's theory? Satisfaction Confidence Guilt Indifference
  3. Gestalt psychology is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions? How do we perceive the whole from grouping its parts? How do data travel through the brain? Why do people perceive stimuli differently? Why do our brains prefer complex figures to simple ones?
  4. Interpret the significance of being both an object and a subject of experience in the context of Rollo May's Human Dilemma. It implies that we have no control over our experiences. It indicates that experiences are irrelevant to our existence. It highlights the complexity of human existence, where we physically exist and also interpret our experiences.

It argues that perception is a passive process without any cognitive involvement.

  1. According to Jung, the notion that accounts for the masculine dimension of a woman's personality is the: shadow. animus. persona. anima.
  2. What term describes a person who is not functioning at the level of self- actualization? Gestalt Cognitively Dissonant Self-Actualized Deficiency Motivated
  3. In a scenario where a person is struggling to meet their basic needs, how might this affect their ability to achieve self-actualization? It would hinder their ability to achieve self-actualization. It would enhance their motivation to pursue personal growth. It would lead them to become more self-aware. It would have no effect on their self-actualization journey.
  4. The main challenge that Gestalt psychology made to Structuralism was that mental states are biological states, not anything separate from the body.

experiments showed that rats form mental maps of their environments, so structuralism cannot be correct. many perceptual experiences cannot be explained in terms of individual sensory elements. The field of Psychology should be about the study of what the basic elements of the mind are, not not about mental function.

  1. Describe the main principle of positivism in the context of scientific inquiry. Positivism emphasizes the importance of subjective experiences in scientific research. Positivism encourages speculation about abstract concepts. Positivism rejects the use of empirical evidence in favor of theoretical frameworks. Positivism asserts that only observable and measurable phenomena should be studied in science.
  2. According to Thomas Kuhn, all scientific investigation takes place within a _____ that determines what questions are worth asking and what methods should be used to answer them. paradigm view locus context
  3. In a therapeutic setting, how might a psychologist utilize the concept of Dasein to help a client understand their relationship with their environment? The psychologist would encourage the client to explore how their experiences and identity are influenced by their

Self-actualized

  1. Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable. Mitwelt Dasein thrownness Eigenwelt
  2. According to Maslow, which of the following is a reason why people fail to self-actualize? People may fear that taking action to maximize their potential will lead to new situations with which they may be unable to cope. Inadequate education and improper child-rearing practices thwart the drive for self-actualization in adulthood. For many people it may seem easier and safer to accept life as it is rather than seek new challenges. All of these are correct.
  3. Discuss how the concepts of mind, spirit, and consciousness contribute to the understanding of psychology as a discipline. These concepts are irrelevant to modern psychology. They only pertain to spiritual practices, not psychology. They are outdated and have been replaced by biological explanations. The concepts of mind, spirit, and consciousness provide a framework for exploring human experience and behavior.
  1. What term did Martin Heidegger use to describe the inseparable relationship between a person and the world? Self-Actualization Dasein Gestalt Cognitive Dissonance
  2. In a therapeutic setting, how might a psychologist utilize Heiddeger's concepts of anxiety and courage to help a client facing existential fears? The psychologist could encourage the client to confront their anxiety about mortality and develop courage to accept their existence. The psychologist might suggest avoiding discussions about death to reduce anxiety. The psychologist would likely dismiss the client's feelings as irrelevant to their therapy. The psychologist could focus solely on building the client's self- esteem without addressing existential fears.
  3. Describe the concept of latent learning as proposed by Tollman and its implications for understanding behavior. Latent learning refers to knowledge that is acquired without immediate reinforcement or demonstration in behavior. Latent learning is a type of learning that occurs only through direct reinforcement. Latent learning is when behavior is modified through rewards and punishments. Latent learning is the process of learning through observation and imitation.

Striving for Superiority

  1. What is the primary purpose of defense mechanisms in psychology? to improve memory to increase self-awareness to enhance motivation to reduce anxiety
  2. The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a "whole" perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of ____. fundamental intellect irrational behaviors learned consciousness important psychological information
  3. Describe the significance of Bluma Zeigarnik's research in the context of Lewin's tension-system hypothesis. Bluma Zeigarnik's findings contradicted Lewin's tension-system hypothesis, showing that motivation is not influenced by unresolved tasks. Bluma Zeigarnik's work primarily dealt with cognitive dissonance, which is separate from Lewin's theories. Bluma Zeigarnik's research focused on the impact of social interactions on motivation, which was unrelated to Lewin's hypothesis. Bluma Zeigarnik's research provided empirical support for Lewin's tension-system hypothesis by demonstrating how unresolved tasks create psychological tension that motivates individuals to complete them.
  1. Who founded Gestalt psychology? Donald Broadbent Max Wertheimer Karl Lashley Noam Chomsky
  2. What term does Kelly use to describe the idea that individuals can choose how they interpret events in their lives? Gestalt Psychology Constructive Alternativism Cognitive Dissonance Humanistic Approach
  3. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant psychological approach known as: Cognitive psychology Humanistic psychology Psychoanalytic psychology Positive psychology
  4. How did Miller and colleagues contribute to the birth of cognitivism in 1960? They rejected the concept of information processing. They founded the Center for Cognitive Studies. They developed artificial intelligence programs. They challenged the Hixon Symposium's ideas.

Generalization Habituation Discrimination

  1. Describe how the geographical and behavioral environments influence our perceptions of reality. The geographical environment only influences our physical health, while the behavioral environment has no impact on perceptions. Both environments are irrelevant to our subjective experiences and only affect objective realities. The geographical environment affects our perceptions through physical surroundings, while the behavioral environment shapes our experiences based on interactions and behaviors. The geographical environment is static, whereas the behavioral environment is dynamic and unchanging.
  2. What kind of needs did Lewin claim cause tension in the life space? subjective and objective needs biological and psychological needs natural and nurturing needs transparent and direct needs
  3. What is the belief that science should study only objects/events that can be experienced directly? physicalism operationism neo-behaviorism positivism
  1. Describe how defense mechanisms function to alleviate psychological distress. Defense mechanisms are conscious efforts to solve problems. Defense mechanisms are strategies to increase social interactions. Defense mechanisms enhance cognitive abilities and improve decision-making. Defense mechanisms function by unconsciously protecting the individual from anxiety and emotional pain.
  2. In a therapeutic setting, how might a psychologist utilize the concept of the Organismic Valuing Process to assist a client in achieving self- actualization? By encouraging the client to explore and trust their innermost feelings and values. By providing strict guidelines for behavior modification. By focusing solely on the client's past experiences. By emphasizing the importance of societal expectations over personal feelings.
  3. According to Karl Popper, what does scientific activity begin with? observation theorizing logical analysis a problem
  4. Behaviorism is limited because ___ _. it only focuses on internal processes