PSYC 101 Final Exam Terms: A Comprehensive Glossary of Key Concepts, Exams of Nursing

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PSYC 101 Final Exam Terms

1. Variables Ans>> the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers measure and study.
2. subject or participant Ans>> an individual person or animal a researcher studies.
3. Sample Ans>> a collection of subjects researchers study. Researchers use samples because they cannot study the entire population.
4. Population Ans>> the collection of people or animals from which researchers draw a sample.

Researchers study the sample and generalize their results to the population.

5. The Purpose of Research Ans>> -To find ways to measure and describe behavior -To understand why, when, and how events occur -To apply this knowledge to solving real-world problems
6. The scientific method Ans>> a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results.
7. A theory Ans>> an explanation that organizes separate pieces of information in a coherent way.
8. replicable Ans>> when others can repeat an experiment and get the same results.

13. experiment Ans>> a researcher manipulates or changes a particular variable under controlled conditions while observing resulting changes in another variable or vari- ables.
14. Occam's razor Ans>> maintains that researchers should apply the simplest explana- tion possible to any set of observations.
15. correlation Ans>> measurement of the strength of the relationship between two vari- ables
16. reliability Ans>> if a test produces the same result when researchers administer it to the same group of people at different times, it has reliability.
17. Validity Ans>> A test is valid if it actually measures the quality it claims to measure.

18. Bias Ans>> the distortion of results by a variable. Common types of bias include sampling bias, subject bias, and experimenter bias.
19. Sensation Ans>> the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs

people to see in color. Remember (C)ones, (C)olor.

27. papillae Ans>> receptors that are inside taste buds, which in turn are inside little bumps on the skin called Papillae. Used to taste
28. Kinesthesis Ans>> the sense of the position and movement of body parts.
29. Gate-control theory Ans>> states that pain signals traveling from the body to the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord. If the gate is closed, pain signals can't reach the brain. The gate isn't a physical structure like a fence gate, but rather a pattern of neural activity that either stops pain signals or allows them to pass. Signals from the brain can open or shut the gate. For example, focusing on pain tends to increase it, whereas ignoring the pain tends to decrease it.
30. nervous system Ans>> a complex, highly coordinated network of tissues that commu- nicate via electro chemical signals
31. cerebrospinal fluid Ans>> cushions and nourishes the brain
32. blood-brain barrier Ans>> protects the cerebrospinal fluid by blocking many drugs and toxins.

33. spinal cord Ans>> connects the brain to the rest of the body
34. spinal reflexes Ans>> which are automatic behaviors that require no input from the brain.
35. peripheral nervous system. Ans>> The peripheral nervous system has two parts the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
36. somatic nervous system Ans>> consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to voluntary skeletal muscles and sense organs.
37. autonomic nervous system Ans>> consists of nerves that connect the central ner- vous system to the heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscles
38. Glial cells Ans>> make up the support structure of the nervous system, perform four functions

Ans>> For a limited time, there are more positively charged ions inside than in the resting state. This creates an action potential, which is a short-lived change in electric charge inside the neuron.

46. medulla Ans>> lies next to the spinal cord and controls functions outside conscious.
47. thalamus Ans>> a sensory way station. All sensory information except smell-related data must go through the thalamus on the way to the cerebrum.
48. hypothalamus Ans>> lies under the thalamus and helps to control the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system.
49. limbic system Ans>> includes the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the septum
50. cerebrum Ans>> the biggest part of the brain, controls complex processes such as abstract thought and learning.
51. endocrine system Ans>> made up of hormone-secreting glands, also affects commu- nication inside the body
52. Hormones

Ans>> chemicals that help to regulate bodily functions.

53. Circadian rhythms Ans>> biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours. Sleep follows a circadian rhythm. Hormone secretion, blood pressure, body temper- ature, and urine production also have circadian rhythms.
54. Sleep Stages Ans>> There are five distinct stages of sleep in each cycle 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM
55. sleep apnea Ans>> People who have sleep apnea stop breathing many times during a night's sleep, and each time they stop breathing, they wake up briefly and gasp for air.
56. classical conditioning Ans>> also called "respondent conditioning" or "Pavlovian conditioning," a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli.

64. Positive reinforcement Ans>> the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often
65. Negative reinforcement Ans>> the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often.
66. Punishment Ans>> the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur
67. Positive punishment Ans>> the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often
68. Negative punishment Ans>> is the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often.
69. fixed-ratio schedule Ans>> reinforcement happens after a set number of responses, such as when a car salesman earns a bonus after every three cars he sells.
70. variable-ratio schedule Ans>> reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses.
71. fixed-interval schedule Ans>> reinforcement happens after a set amount of time

72. variable-interval schedule Ans>> reinforcement happens after a particular average amount of time.
73. Observational learning Ans>> the process of learning to respond in a particular way by watching others, who are called models.
74. encoding Ans>> Processing information into memory
75. Structural encoding Ans>> focuses on what words look like. For instance, one might note whether words are long or short, in uppercase or lowercase, or handwritten or typed.
76. Phonemic encoding Ans>> focuses on how words sound.

life.

84. Retrieval Ans>> the process of getting information out of memory.
85. priming Ans>> recalling a particular word becomes easier if another, related word is recalled first.
86. implicit memory Ans>> unconscious retention of information
87. Explicit memory Ans>> conscious, intentional remembering of information.
88. Declarative memory Ans>> recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts.
89. Procedural memory Ans>> recall of how to do things such as swimming or driving a car.
90. Semantic memory Ans>> recall of general facts
91. episodic memory Ans>> recall of personal facts
92. Retention Ans>> is the proportion of learned information that is retained or remem- bered—the flip

side of forgetting

93. Recall Ans>> remembering without any external cues
94. Recognition Ans>> identifying learned information using external cues.
95. decay theory Ans>> memory fades with time.
96. Interference theory Ans>> has a better account of why people lose long-term memo- ries. According to this theory, people forget information because of interference from other learned information.
97. Retroactive interference Ans>> happens when newly learned information makes people forget old information.
98. Proactive interference Ans>> happens when old information makes people forget newly learned information.
99. repression Ans>> pushing unpleasant or intolerable thoughts and feelings deep into their unconscious

Ans>> theorizes that psychological disorders result from the rein- forcement of abnormal behavior.

107. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Ans>> A person with generalized anxiety disorder experiences persistent and excessive anxiety or worry that lasts at least six months.
108. Specific Phobia Ans>> A person who has specific phobia experiences intense anx- iety when exposed to a particular object or situation
109. Social Phobia Ans>> A person who has social phobia experiences intense anxiety when exposed to certain kinds of social or performance situations.
110. Panic Disorder Ans>> A person with panic disorder experiences recurrent, unex- pected panic attacks, which cause worry or anxiety
111. Agoraphobia Ans>> involves anxiety about losing control in public places, being in situations from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing, or being in places where there might be no one to help if a panic attack occurred.
112. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Ans>> A person with obsessive-compulsive disor- der experiences obsessions, compulsions, or both.

113. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Ans>> A person with this disorder persistently re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma.
114. Bipolar disorder Ans>> involves at least one distinct period when a person exhibits manic symptoms. Manic symptoms include any or all of the following

Irritability Feelings of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity