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Muhammad (PBUH), in full Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abd al- Muttalib ibn Hashim, was born 570 in Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia].
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130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
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(^1) “The Holy Prophet’s Mosque in Al-Madinah”, 123RF , www.123rf.com/photo_5852138_the-holy-prophet-s-mosque-in-al-madinah.html
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Biography
Muhammad (Peace be upon him) is the founder of the religion of Islam, seen by Muslims as the last of the prophets of God.
Muhammad (PBUH) , in full Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al- Muttalib ibn Hashim, was born 570 in Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]. His father, ‘Abd Allah, and his mother, Aminah, belonged to the family of the Banu Hashim, a branch of the powerful Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca, that also guarded its most sacred shrine, the Ka’bah. ‘Abd Allah died before Muhammad’s birth; without a father, Muhammad experienced many hardships, even though his grandfather ‘Abd al- Muttalib was a leader in the Meccan community.
In order for Muhammad to master Arabic in its pure form and become well acquainted with Arab traditions, Aminah sent him as a baby into the desert, as was the custom of all great Arab families at that time. Aminah chose a poor woman named Halimah from the tribe of Banu Sa’d, a branch of the Hawazin, to suckle and nurture her son. And so the young Muhammad spent several years in the desert. It was also at this time that, two angels appeared to Muhammad in the guise of men, opened his breast, and purified his heart with snow. Amazed by this event and also noticing a mole on Muhammad’s back (later identified in the traditional sources as the sign of prophecy), Halimah and her husband, Harith, took the boy back to Mecca.
Muhammad’s mother died when he was six years old. Now completely orphaned, he was brought up by his grandfather ‘Abd al-Muttalib, who also died two years later. He was then placed in the care of Abu Talib, Muhammad’s uncle and the father of ‘Ali, Muhammad’s cousin. Later in life Muhammad would repay this kindness by taking ‘Ali into his household and giving his daughter Fatimah to him in marriage.
It is believed that Muhammad grew into a young man of unusual physical beauty as well as generosity of character. His sense of fairness and justice were so revered that the people of Mecca often went to him for arbitration and knew him as al-Amin, “the Trusted One.” His striking appearance is the subject of countless poems in various languages.
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
In 619, Muhammad (PBUH) was greatly saddened by the death of two people who were especially close to him, Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib. The death of Abu Talib, Muhammad’s protector, created a much more difficult situation for him and for the young Islamic community in Mecca. These deaths, combined with Muhammad’s lack of success in propagating the message of Islam in the city of Ta ' if, severely tested his determination and resolve.
During this extremely difficult time Muhammad (PBUH) underwent the supreme spiritual experience of his life. On one of his nightly visits to the Ka’bah, he fell asleep in the Hijr, an uncovered sanctuary attached to the north wall of the Ka’bah, and experienced the Nocturnal Ascent (Isra ' or Mi’raj): Muhammad (PBUH) was taken by the archangel Gabriel on the winged steed Buraq to Jerusalem. From the rock upon which Abraham offered to sacrifice his son (now the site of the Dome of the Rock), they ascended through all the higher states of being to the Divine Presence itself. Muhammad (PBUH) is said to have received the supreme treasury of knowledge while he stood and then prostrated himself before the divine throne. God also revealed to him the final form and number of the Islamic daily prayers.
In or around 621, a delegation from Yathrib, a city north of Mecca, contacted Muhammad (PBUH) and, having heard of his sense of justice and power of leadership, invited him to go to their city and become their leader. At that time, Yathrib suffered from constant struggle between its two leading tribes, the ' Aws and the Khazraj, with a sizable Jewish community constituting the third important social group of the city. Finally, Muhammad (PBUH) departed with Abu Bakr for Yathrib. On September 25, 622, he completed the Hijrah (“migration”; Latin: Hegira) and reached Yathrib, which became known as Madinat al-Nabi (“City of the Prophet”), or Medina. This momentous event led to the establishment of Islam as a religious and social order and became the starting point for the Islamic calendar.
When Muhammad (PBUH) first settled in Medina, his most trusted followers were those who had migrated from Mecca—some before him and some, including ‘Ali, shortly after. Soon, however, many Medinans embraced Islam, so the early Islamic community came to consist of the emigrants ( al-muhajirun ) and the Medinan helpers ( al- ansar ). Muhammad (PBUH) integrated the Medinan community—the muhajirun and the ansar and the Muhammad Aws and Khazraj tribes—into an Islamic society, the enmity between Medina’s Jewish community and the newly founded Islamic order grew.
During the second year of the Hijrah, Muhammad (PBUH) drew up the Constitution of Medina, defining relations between the various groups in the first Islamic community. That same year the direction of daily prayers, or the qiblah , was changed by divine order from Jerusalem to Mecca, which marked the clear crystallization of Islam as a distinct monotheistic religion.
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
The enmity between the Quraysh and Muhammad remained very strong, in part because of the persecution, aggression, and confiscation of property the Muslims suffered at the hands of the Quraysh. On several occasions warriors from Medina intercepted caravans from Mecca going to or coming from Syria, but Muhammad (PBUH) did not want to fight a battle against the Meccans until they marched against the nascent Medinan community and threatened the very future of Islam.
In 624, an army of 1,000 assembled by the Quraysh marched against Medina and met a much smaller force of 313 Muslims at a place called Badr on the 17th^ day of the month of Ramadan. Although heavily outnumbered, the Muslims achieved a remarkable victory in which, however, nine of the Companions of the Prophet ( al-sahabah ), the close associates of Muhammad (PBUH) and the faithful who were associated directly with him, were killed.
The Quraysh, however, did not give up their quest to destroy the nascent Islamic community. With that goal in mind, in 624–625 they dispatched an army of 3,000 men under the leader of Mecca, Abu Sufyan. Muhammad (PBUH) led his forces to the side of a mountain near Medina called Uhud, and battle ensued. The Muslims had some success early in the engagement, but Khalid ibn al-Walid, a leading Meccan general and later one of the outstanding military figures of early Islamic history, charged Muhammad’s left flank after the Muslims on guard deserted their posts to join in the looting of the Quraysh camp. Many of Muhammad’s followers then fled, thinking that the Prophet had fallen. In fact, although wounded, he was led to safety through a ravine. Meanwhile, the Quraysh did not pursue their victory. A number of eminent Muslims, including Muhammad’s valiant uncle Hamzah, however, lost their lives in the struggle. The Jews of Medina, who allegedly plotted with the Quraysh, rejoiced in Muhammad’s defeat, and one of their tribes, the Banu Nadir, was therefore seized and banished by Muhammad (PBUH) to Khaybar.
The Jews of Medina then urged the Quraysh to take over Medina in 626–627. To this end, the Quraysh helped raise an army of 10,000 men, which marched on Medina. Salman al-Farsi, the first Persian convert to Islam whom Muhammad (PBUH) had adopted as a member of his household, suggested that the Muslims dig a ditch around the city to protect it, a technique known to the Persians but not to the Arabs at that time. The Meccan army arrived and, unable to cross the ditch, laid siege to the city but without success. The invading army gradually began to disperse, leaving the Muslims victorious in the Battle of the Ditch ( al-Khandaq ).When it was discovered that members of the Jewish tribe Qurayzah had been complicit with the enemy during the Battle of the Ditch, Muhammad (PBUH) turned against them. The Qurayzah men were separated from the tribe’s women and children and ordered by the Muslim general Sa’d ibn Mu’adh to be put to death; the women and children were to be enslaved.
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
In 630–631 embassies from all over the Arabian Peninsula arrived in Medina to accept Islam, and by that time most of Arabia, save for the north, had united under the religion’s banner. Muhammad (PBUH), therefore, marched with a large army north to Tabuk but did not engage the enemy. Nevertheless, the Jews and Christians of the region submitted to his authority, whereupon Muhammad (PBUH) again guaranteed their personal safety and freedom to practice their religion as he did for the Zoroastrians of eastern Arabia. At that time too, the pagan Arab tribes in the north, as well as in other regions, embraced Islam.
Finally, in 632, Muhammad (PBUH) made the first Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca ( al-hajj ), which remains the model to this day for the millions of Muslims who make the hajj each year. At that time he delivered his celebrated farewell sermon, and the last verse of the Qur ' an was revealed. On the way back from Mecca, he and his entourage stopped at a pond called Ghadir Khumm where, according to both Sunni and Shiite sources, he appointed Ali as the executor of his last will and as his wali , a term that means “friend” or “saint” and also describes a person who possesses authority.
Late in the spring of 632, Muhammad (PBUH), who had been considering another expedition to the north, suddenly fell ill and, according to tradition, died three days later on June 8, 632. According to Islamic norms that he established, his body was washed by his family, especially by ‘Ali, and buried in his house adjacent to the mosque of Medina. His tomb remains the holiest place in Islam after the Ka’bah; it is visited by millions of pilgrims annually.^2
(^2) “Muhammad”, Encyclopædia Britannica Online , academic ed. (database), www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Selected Resources on
Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him)
Available at Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Books
Al-Ghadban, Munir Muhammad. Guide de la biographie du prophète: Histoire abrégée en une quarantaine d'étapes. Cairo: Dar An-Nasr for Universities, 2004. BA Call Number: 297.63 G4111g (B3)
Al-Ghadban, Munir Muhammad. A Short Companion to the Sirah of the Prophet. Cairo: Dar An-Nasr for Universities, 2003. BA Call Number: 297.63 G4111s (B3)
Ali, Muhammad. The Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad. The Living Thoughts Library 24. London: Cassell, 1947. BA Call Number: 297.63 Ali L (B3)
Ali, Syed Ameer. “The Life and Ministry of the Prophet”. Pt. 1 in The Spirit of Islam: A History of the Evolution and Ideals of Islam; with a Life of the Prophet. London: Christophers, 1922. BA Call Number: 297 A3981 1922 (B3)
Al-Khuli, Muhammad Ali. The Translation of the Meaning of some Traditions of Prophet Muhammad. N.p., 1990. BA Call Number: 297.63 Khu T (B3)
Al-Mubarakfuri, Safi al-Rahman. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtoum: (Le Nectar cacheté): La Biographie du prophète. Translated by Cheikh Guèye. Revised by Ben brahim Mohamed Al-Amin. Riyad: Darussalam, 1999. BA Call Number: 297.63 M941a (B3)
Al-Shiha, Abdulrahman. Muhammad: The Messenger of Allah: May Allah Exalt his Mention. Translated by Abdurahmaan Murad. Al-Qaseem: Foreigner Guidance Center,
BA Call Number: 297.64 S5559 (B3)
Andræ, Tor. Maometto: La sua vita e la sua fede. Translated by Francesco Gabrieli. Bari: Gius. Laterza, 1934. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9524a (B2 -- Special Collections -- Abdel-Rahman Badawi)
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Busiri, Sharaf al-Din Muhammad ibn Said. Qaseedah Burdah. Translated by Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada. 2nd^ ed. Nottinghamshire: Al-Karam, 2001. BA Call Number: 892.7134 B9799q 2001 (B4 -- Closed Stacks)
Chagavat, Michel Bey S. Mahomet et les khalifes. Paris: Librairie Orientale & Américaine; E. Guilmoto, 1912. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521c (B2 -- Rare Books)
Dawud, Abd al-Ahad. Muhammad in the Bible. Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara; Durban: Islamic Propagation Centre International, 1979. BA Call Number: 297.283 D2729 1979 (B3)
Deedat, Ahmed. Muhummed: The Greatest. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, [199-]. BA Call Number: 297.63 Dee M (B3)
Deedat, Ahmed. What the Bible Says About Muhummed (Peace be Upon Him)? Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, [199-]. BA Call Number: 297.283 Dee W (B3)
Delaporte, P. Henry. Vie de Mahomet d'aprés le Coran et les historiens arabes. Paris: E. Leroux, 1874. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521de (B2 -- Special Collections -- Closed Stacks)
Delcambre, Anne-Marie. Mahomet. Temps et visages. Religion. Spiritualite. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1999. BA Call Number: BnF 306065 (B4 -- Closed Stacks -- BnF Collection)
Dermenghem, Émile. Mahomet et la tradition islamique. Maîtres spirituels 1. [Paris]: Éditions du Seuil, 1955. BA Call Number: 297.63 D435 (B3)
Dermenghem, Émile. La vie de Mahomet. Le roman des grandes existences 23. Paris: Plon, [1929]. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521d (B2 -- Special Collections -- Mohamed Hussein Heikal)
Dibble, Roy F. Mohammed. Garden City, NY: Garden City, [1926]. BA Call Number: 297.63 Dib M (B3)
Dif, Malika. Les epouses du prophete. Lyon: Tawhid, 2001. BA Call Number: 297.642 D5691 (B3)
Dinet, Etienne, and El Hadj Sliman Ben Ibrahim. La vie de Mohammed: Prophète d'Allah. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1937. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521di (B2 -- Special Collections -- Mohamed Hussein Heikal)
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
El-Djazaïri, Aboubaker Djaber. Le Prophete bien-aime. Translated by Mokhtar Chakroun. Revised by Azzedine Haridi. Paris: Maison d'Ennour, [2003]. BA Call Number: 297.63 D623 (B3)
Ducati, Bruno. Maometto. Firenze: Felice Le Monnier, 1931. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521d (B4 -- Closed Stacks)
Erfurth, Frédéric Brabant d’. Les compagnons du prophète: Des diamants humains: À propos de certains compagnons du prophète Mouhammad. Figures musulmanes. Beyrouth: Albouraq, [2004]. BA Call Number: 297.63 E674 (B3)
Essad, Mohammed. Mahomet, 571-632. Translated by Jacques Marty. Bibliothèque historique. Paris: Payot, 1948. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521e (B3) Also available online at: http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:
Flores, Mehdi. Muhámmad: El sello de los profetas. Colección Shahada. Almodóvar del Río (Córdoba): Junta Islámica, Centro de Documentación y Publicaciones Islámicas, [2006]. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521f (B3)
Ghali, Muhammad Mahmud. The Prophet Mohammad and the First Muslim State (A Short History of the Prophet). Islamic Series for the Young. Beirut: Libraire du Liban, 1992. BA Call Number: 297.63 Gha P (B3)
Gheorghiu, Virgil. La vie de Mahomet. Translated by Livia Lamoure. [Paris]: Plon, [1962]. BA Call Number: 297.63 Ghe V (B3)
Gülen, Fethullah. Une analyse de la vie du prophète Mohammed: Le Messager de Dieu. Translated by Serife Günay and Kafiha Karakus. Somerset, NJ: The Light, 2006. BA Call Number: 297.63 G9715a (B3)
Gülen, Fethullah. El Mensajero de Dios Muhammed: Un analisis de la vida del profeta. Translated by Kübra Sari and F. Mehmet Siginir. New Jersey: Light, 2005. BA Call Number: 297.63 G9715me (B3)
Gülen, Fethullah. The Messenger of God Muhammad: An Analysis of the Prophet's Life. Translated by Ali Ünal. Somerset, NJ: The Light, 2006. BA Call Number: 297.63 G9715m (B3)
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Khaalid, Khaalid Muhammed. Men and Women Around the Messenger. Edited by Aelfwine Acelas Mischler. Translated by Muhammed Mustafa Gemeiah and Abdel- Hamid Eliwa. Egypt: Dar Al-Manarah, 2003. BA Call Number: 297.64 K451 (B3)
Khouri, Malatios. El Islam: El profeta árabe Muhámmad, Enviado de Dios. Presented by Osvaldo A. Machado Mouret. Buenos Aires: [Ediciones estudio árabe-hispano americano de difusión cultural], 1966. BA Call Number: 297 K4585 (B4 – - Closed Stacks)
Koelle, S. W. Mohammed and Mohammedanism. London: Rivingtons, 1889. BA Call Number: 297.63 K778 (B2 -- Special Collections -- Closed Stacks)
Korraa, Galal. Muhammad, May Allah's Peace and Blessings be upon Him. N.p., [199-]. BA Call Number: 297.63 K849 (B3)
Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Rev. ed. London: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. BA Call Number: 297.63 Lin M (B3)
Lings, Martin. Le Prophète Muhammad: Sa vie d'après les sources les plus anciennes. Translated by Jean-Louis Michon. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1986. BA Call Number: 297.63 Lin P (B3)
Mandel, Gabriele. Mahomet: Le Prophete. Paris: France Loisirs, 2002. BA Call Number: 297.63 M2713 (B3)
Margoliouth, David Samuel. Mohammed. What Did they Teach? London: Blackie, 1939. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521m (B2 -- Special Collections -- Mohamed Hussein Heikal)
Margoliouth, David Samuel. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam. 3rd^ ed. Heroes of the Nations. London: Putnam, 1923. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521ma (B2 -- Special Collections -- Closed Stacks)
Mirkhond, Muhammad ibn Khavandshah. The Rauzat-us-Safa, or, Garden of Purity: Containing the Life of Muhammad the Apostle of Allah. Edited by F. F. Arbuthnot. Translated by Edward Rehatsek. Oriental Translation Fund. New Ser. 1. London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1894. BA Call Number: 297.63 M675 (B2 -- Special Collections -- Closed Stacks)
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Muir, William. The Life of Mohammad from Original Sources. Edinburgh: John Grant,
BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521mu (B2 -- Special Collections -- Mohamed Hussein Heikal) Also available online at: http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:
Muslim ibn Al-Hajjaj Al-Qushayri. Sahih Muslim: Being Traditions of the Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad as Narrated by his Companions and Compiled Under the Title Al-Jami-Us-Sahih. Translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, [19--]. BA Call Number: 297.1243 Mus S (B3) Also available online at: http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:
Nadwi, Saiyid Sulaiman. Muhammad: The Ideal Prophet. Translated by Mohiuddin Ahmad. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, 1992. BA Call Number: 297.63 Nad M (B3)
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Muhammad, Man of God. Chicago: KAZI, 1995. BA Call Number: 297.63 N264 (B3)
Peters, Francis E. Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. BA Call Number: 297.63 P4811 (B3)
Portraits from the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Compiled from the Works of Ibn Katheer, Ibn Hisham, and Other Scholars. Compiled and translated by Tamir Abu As- Suood Muhammad. Edited by Noha Kamal Ed-Din Abu Al-Yazid. Al-Mansoura: Dar Al-Manarah, 2001. BA Call Number: 297.63 P (B3)
Prophet Muhammad: Blessing for Mankind. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, 1992. BA Call Number: 297.63 P (B3)
Rao, K. S. Ramakrishna. Muhummed, the Prophet of Islam. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House, [199-]. BA Call Number: 297.63 R2151 (B3)
Ritter, Hellmut. Maometto. Translated by Alberto Bortolini. Maestri dell'azione. Venezia: La nuova Italia, [19--]. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521rit (B2 -- Special Collections -- Abdel-Rahman Badawi)
Rodinson, Maxime. Mahomet. Politique 17. [Paris]: Éditions du Seuil, 1961. BA Call Number: 297.63 M9521r (B3)
130102 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Neveen Nagy
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. A Galaxy Book 409. London: Oxford University Press, [1974]. BA Call Number: 297.63 Wat M (B3)
Watt, W. Montgomery, Alford T. Welch, and Annemarie Schimmel. Der Islam. Die Religionen der Menschheit 25. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1980-1990. BA Call Number: 297 W344 (B3)
Web Resources
“Biography of the Prophet”. Islamway. http://en.islamway.net/articles/category/41?ref=search [accessed 16 January 2013]
“You Should Know This Man!”. Wathakker. www.wathakker.info/english/flyers/cats.php?id=40 [accessed 27 January 2013]
