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Properties of Logarithms, Logarithmic Expression, Sum of Logarithms, Single Logarithm, Logarithmic Rules, Helpful Rules, Expression, Properties of Logs, Sum of Logarithms, Properties of Logs are the key points of this lecture.
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Objectives: 1. To expand a logarithmic expression;
Exponents’ rules: ݔ ^ ൌ 1, ݔ ^ ݔ ∙ ^ ݔ ൌ ା, ௫^
௫ ^ ݔ ൌ^
Logarithmic rules If x, y > 0 , a> 0 with ്ܽ 1 , then the following relations take place:
݈݃ (^) ݃ ݈ൌ ሻݕ∙ ݔሺ (^) ݃ ݈ ݔ (^) ݕ
݈ ݃ (^) ൬
ܽ ೌ^ ௫^ ݔ ൌ and ݈ ݃ (^) ܽ ௫^ ݔ ൌ ݈ ݃ (^) 1 ൌ 0 and ݈ ݃ (^) ܽ ൌ 1
݈ ݃ (^) ݈ൌ ݔ
Helpful rules ݈ ݃ (^) ܾ ൌ (^) ್ଵ ,
݈ ݃ (^) ቀ ଵ௫ ݈݃െ ൌ ቁ (^) ݔ,
Ex 1: Expand the expression ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ ݔ൫ ସ^ ∙ √ ݔ 1൯ into a sum of logarithms. Using the properties of logs, we have: ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ ݔ൫ ସ^ ∙ √ ݔ 1൯ ൌ݃ ݈ (^) ଷ ݔሺ ସ^ ݃ ݈ ሻ (^) ଷ √ ݔ 1 = ݈݃4 (^) ଷ ݔ ଵ݈ଶ ݃ (^) ଷ ሺ ݔ 1ሻ.
Ex 2: Expand the expression ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ√ଶ௫
య ௫ିହ into a sum of logarithms. Using the properties of logs, we have: ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ√ଶ௫
య ௫ିହ ݃ ݈ൌ^ ଷ^ ݔ√
Ex 3: Write the following expression as a single logarithm: ݈݃െ2 (^) ହ ݔ ଵ݈ଶ ݃ (^) ହ ݃ ݈ 1ሻ ݔሺ (^) ହ 3. Using the properties of logs, we have: ݈݃െ2 (^) ହ ݔ ଵ݈ଶ ݃ (^) ହ ݃ ݈ 1ሻ ݔሺ (^) ହ ݃ ݈ൌ 3 (^) ହ ݃ ݈ 3 (^) ହ ݃ ݈െ 1 ݔ√ (^) ହ ݔ ଶ
= ݈ ݃ (^) ହଷ√௫ାଵ௫ మ.
Ex 4: ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ 10 ൌ ଵଷ ൌ (^) ଷଵ ൌ 0.477, or ݈ ݃ (^) ଷ 10 ൌ ଵଷ ൌ (^) ଷଵ ൌ 0.477.