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PAPER BATTERY
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2.1 Literature Survey ........................................................................................... 7 2.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 7 3 PAPER BATTERY............................................................................................... 8 3.1 Glucose activated Laminated Battery ............................................................ 9 3.2 Polymer based paper battery ......................................................................... 11 3.3 Li-ion paper battery ...................................................................................... 13. 4 FABRICATION METHODS ............................................................................. 17.. 4.1 Doctor blade process .................................................................................... 17 4.2 Lamination ................................................................................................... 18 5 DURABILITY .................................................................................................... 19 6 USE .......................................................................................................................... 20 7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 21
No. Title Page no.
Figures
3.1.1 (^) Fabrication 10
3.1.2 Glucose-activated laminated battery 11
3.2.1 Cell voltage vs time graph, 12
3.2.2 Charge capacity vs charge current 12
3.3.1 Fabrication of li ion battery on paper 14
Cycling performance of LTO nanopowder (C/5, 0.063ma) half cells
Li ion paper battery energy increased through stacking
4.1 Doctor blade 17
4.2 Roll laminator 18
Tables
3 Influence of electrode thickness in electrical
characteristics of devices
The literature survey conducted are as follows
fabrication process for the paper batteries, compatible to the existing plastic laminating technologies or plastic moulding techniques was developed by him. A paper battery is tested
and it can deliver a power greater than 1.5mw.
To study the following:
CHAPTER 3
PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes that are each approximately one millionth of a centimetre thick. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black colour.
Cellulose based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable, light, and recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing process. Here, we expect to contribute to the first step of an incoming disruptive concept related to the production of self-sustained paper electronic systems where the power supply is integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption systems such as tags, games or displays.
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a commercial paper sheet while in the opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also deposited. The simplest structure produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such as Al paper WO3/ TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open circuit voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V. On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the battery. The set of batteries characterized show stable performance after being tested by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room temperature, RT (22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH].
The thicknesses of the metal electrodes varied between 100 and 500 nm. The Al/paper/Cu thin batteries studied involved the use of three different classes of paper: commercial copy white paper (WP: 0.68 g/cm , 0.118 mm thick); recycled paper (RP:0.70 g/cm , 0.115 mm thick); tracing paper (TP: 0.58 g/cm ,0.065 mm thick). The role of the type of paper and electrodes thickness on the electrical parameters of the battery, such as the Voc and Jsc are indicated in Table I
Figure2.1.1: Fabrication
Fabrication process for the paper battery: the whole assembly consisting of copper, enzyme-
doped special paper, Magnesium sandwiched between two laminating plastics is bound
together while passing through rollers.
In order to obtain a glucose-activated battery, we modify the urine-activated paper batteries
that include Copper Chloride (CuC1) as the cathode in paper. Instead of Copper Chloride in
the paper, we tried to use the glucose-oxidase (GOD) for the glucose-activated battery.
Fig. 1 shows the detailed lamination process for the fabrication of battery. This whole stack
consisting of the magnesium, enzyme-doped special paper , copper sandwiched between two
plastic films into a roller which bounds the whole assembly together is laminated into a paper battery. A 0.10mm-thick lower transparent plastic film with an adhesive (Fig. la) is used as a
substrate to fabricate the battery. A 0.2”-thick copper layer are deposited (or taped) and
patterned for the positive electrode (Fig. la). After taping a 0.2”-thick aluminium layer (Fig. 1
b), the aluminium layer is patterned to provide electrical connection and electrodes. In Figs.
l(c) and (d), 0.2”-thick glucose-oxidase enzyme doped paper and magnesium layer are
stacked on the copper layer. After placing the upper transparent plastic film with an adhesive
layer on the stack (Fig. le), the whole layers are laminated into the micro-battery while passing through the heating rollers. Glucose supply slit and air exhalation slit are made on the
upper plastic film in Fig. l(e).
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of a glucose-activated laminated battery consisting of a glucose-oxidase coated paper sandwiched between magnesium and copper layers.
FIGURE 2.1.2 Glucose-activated laminated battery
We can conclude that higher enzyme concentration results in faster oxidation of glucose, and hence better voltage and power are achieved. Thus we prefer for that. The first glucose- activated battery fabricated by a plastic lamination technology has been demonstrated for ondemand bio-applications and disposal usages. Basic concept of the battery is presented and the prototype battery can be fabricated by simple lamination processes using thin plastic film.
Now we try to replace the metal/metal oxide with polymer. In this process, the preparation of novel redox polymer and electronically conducting polymer-based electrode materials is essential. While it has recently been shown that it is possible to manufacture redox polymer based electrodes and batteries with high-capacities and very good cycling performances, the corresponding development within the field of electronically conducting polymers is ongoing. Conducting polymers are particularly interesting materials as devices based on these materials could be used as adaptable energy storage devices due to their inherent fast redox switching, high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, low weight and possibility to be
320 mA were about 33 and 25 mAh g-1.This means that the capacity for this particular cell
containing 37.5 mg conductive paper was approximately 1.2 and 0.9 mAh, respectively.
Thus,the presented PPy-cellulose composite material is mechanically robust, lightweight, and
flexible. It can be molded into various shapes and its thin sheets can be rolled to make very
compact energy storage devices. The widespread availability of cellulose and the straightforward manufacturing of the composite are key factors for producing cost-efficient
and fully recyclable paper-based batteries on a large industrial scale. Whereas the system
described herein is limited in terms of the delivered cell potential, at least when compared
with Li-ion batteries, the present battery holds great promise for applications in areas where
Li-ion batteries are difficult to use, for example, in inexpensive large-scale devices or flexible
energy storage devices to be integrated into textiles or packaging materials. The present
paper-based battery system has also been shown to be compatible with very high charging rates. Together with the good cycling stability this makes the PPy-cellulose composite highly
suitable for inclusion in future high-performance energy storage systems.
3.3 Li-ion paper battery
Secondary Li-ion batteries are key components in portable electronics due to their high powerand energy density and long cycle life. So we are trying to integrate Li-ion battery onto a paper battery.
We integrated all of the components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper with a simple lamination process. Free-standing, lightweight CNT thin films (0.2 mg/cm2) were used as current collectors for both the anode and cathode and were integrated with battery electrode materials through a simple coating and peeling process. The double layer films were laminated onto commercial paper, and the paper functions as both the mechanical support and Li-ion battery membrane Due to the intrinsic porous structure of the paper, it functions effectively as both a separator with lower impedance than commercial separators and has good cyclability (no degradation of Li-ion battery after 300 cycles of recharging). After polymer sealing, the secondary Li-ion battery is thin (300 um), mechanically flexible, and has a high energy density. Such flexible secondary batteries will meet many application needs in applications such as interactive packaging, radio frequency sensing, and electronic paper. The CNT ink was applied to the SS substrate with a doctor blade method. A dried film with a thickness of 2.0 um was formed after drying the CNT ink on the SS substrate at 80 °C for 5 min. Slurries of battery materials, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and LiCoO2 (LCO) (Predmaterials & LICO), were prepared. The battery slurries were applied to CNT/SS with the same doctor blade method. The slurries were dried at 100 °C for 0.5 h. The battery electrode material on the CNT film forms a double layer film, where CNT films function as the current collectors. As shown in Figure 2a, the double layer LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT film was lifted off by immersing the SS in DI water followed by peeling with tweezers. Figure 2b shows a LTO/CNT film with a size of 7.5 cm *12.5 cm on a SS substrate (left) being peeled off in water (middle) and in a free-standing form (right). Previously, CNT thin films have been coated mainly on plastic substrate for use as transparent electrodes in various device applications, including solar cells and light emitting diodes. In this study, we found that
CNTs have weaker interaction with metal substrates when compared with plastic or paper substrates, which allows us to fabricate free-standing films with integrated current collector and battery electrodes. The double layer films obtained with this method are lightweight, with 0.2 mg/cm2 CNT and 2~10 mg/cm2 electrode material. The free-standing double layer film shows a low sheet resistance (~5 Ohm/sq) and excellent flexibility, without any change in morphology or conductivity after bending down to 6 mm (Mandrel). Due to the excellent mechanical integrity of the double layer film and the loose interaction between the CNT film and SS, peeling off the double layer film from the SS is highly reproducible. After integrating the battery electrode materials on the lightweight CNT current collectors, a lamination process was used to fabricate the Li-ion paper batteries on paper. A solution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer was coated on the paper substrate with an effective thickness of 10 um. The wet PVDF functions as a glue to stick the double layer films on paper. As shown in Figure 2c, the double layer films were laminated on the paper while the PVDF/ NMP was still wet. During this process, a metal rod rolls over the films to remove air bubbles trapped between films and the paper separator. After laminating LTO/CNT on one side of the paper, the same process was used to put LCO/CNT on the opposite side of the paper to complete the Li-ion battery fabrication. Figure 3.3.3 shows the scheme and a final device of the Li-ion paper battery prior to encapsulation and cell testing.
Figure 3.3.1 Fabrication of li ion battery on paper
Due to the small thickness and the great flexibilities of current collectors using CNT thin films, the whole device shows excellent flexibility. No failure was observed for the paper battery after manually bending the device down to 6 mm for 50 times. The self-discharge performance could be further improved through device fabrication process modifications such as better sealing, longer vacuum baking times, and lower moisture levels by using standard dry rooms.
Figure 3.3.3 Li ion paper battery energy increased through stacking
The CNT weight in our device is less, therefore, the CNT cost is negligible. One method for increasing the total energy for the Li-ion paper battery is through stacking layer upon layer, as in Figure 4, where conductive CNT films function as current collectors, and extended metal strips at the edge serve as connections to the external circuit.
CHAPTER 4
FABRICATION METHODS
Doctor blade and lamination process were termed quite often. Now lets discuss about the two
process:
Generic term for any steel, rubber, plastic, or other type of blade used to apply or remove a liquid substance from another surface, such as those blades used in coating paper. The term
"doctor blade" is believed to be derived from the name of a blade used in conjunction with
ductor rolls on letterpress presses. The term "ductor blade" eventually mutated into the term
"doctor blade."
Figure 4.1: Doctor Blade
The doctor blade is fixed firmly in place by a doctor blade assembly, the amount of blade protruding from the holder being known as the blade extension—generally recommended to be K:H inch. It is set at certain optimum angles to ensure minimal blade and/or cylinder wear. The angle at which the blade contacts the cylinder (called the contact angle) is generally 55:65º, with 60º being most manufacturers' specified contact angle. The angle can be varied to correct various cylinder defects and/or inking problems. The contact angle also affects the distance between the blade and the nip between the gravure cylinder and the impression roller. This distance needs to be small enough to prevent drying-in, the undesirable drying of ink in the gravure cylinder cells. Many doctor blades oscillate across the width of the cylinder as a means of preventing cylinder wear and to remove solid bits of debris that can collect on the surface of the cylinder of the rear of the blade itself. The force or pressure with which the blade contacts the cylinder should be as minimal as possible, or should wipe the cylinder effectively but not contribute to blade and/or cylinder wear. (The process of setting the
CHAPTER 5
DURABILITY
The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility, the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper(or a voltaic pile),to boost total output. As well, they can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet. It is essentially a regular piece of paper, but it is made in a very intelligent way, ”said Linhardt, ”We are not putting pieces together-it is a single, integrated device,” he said. “The components are molecularly attached to each other .The carbon nanotube is embedded in the paper, and the electrolyte is soaked into the paper. The end result is a device that looks, feels, and weighs the same as paper.”
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes embedded
within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys, while their ability to use electrolytes in blood make
them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers. The medical uses are
particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable;
a major drawback of chemical cells. However, Professor Sperling cautions that commercial
applications may be a long way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive to
fabricate. Currently they are making devices a few inches in size. In order to be commercially
viable, they would like to be able to make them newspaper size; a size which, taken all together would be powerful enough to power a car.
