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PRITE 202 5 PART 2 EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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a lesion to the left anterior lateral temporal lobe would result in the inability to __________
identify objects
What disorder was significantly more prevalent in mothers of patients with anorexia
OCD
Which of the following neurotransmitters is stored in large dense-core vesicles
histamine
somatostatin
norepinephrine
epinephrine
gaba
GABA, glutamate, glycine, ach, serotonin, dopamine, Norepi and epi and histamine are all considered small molecule transmitters indicating that they are stored in small, clear, membrane bound grandules called synaptic vesicles and mediate fast synaptic transmission
Somatostatin, hypothalamic releasing hormones, endorphins, enkephalins, and opioids comprise the neuropeptide family of transmitters, sotred in large,dense core cesciles, modulate neuroal communication by acting on cell surface receptors and are not recycled into the cell after secretions
small molecule transmitters and neuropeptides are often released from the same neuron and can act on the same target
Drugs that fluoxtetine increases the drug levels of
TCAs (increased risk of cardiac AE), thioridazine (increased cardiac AE), benzos (increased sedation), carbamazepine, phenytoin
Which contemporary of Freud worked closely with him in developing the theory of hysteria
Josef Breuer
famous for his work w the young hysteric Anno O and coauthored a book w freud entiteld studies on hysteria
Who coined the term schizophrenia
What was his main contribution
Eugen Bleuler
the 4 As : looseness of associations, affective flattening, autism, and ambivalence
What was Kurt Schneider's contribution to psychiatry
known for his "first rank" symptoms of schizophrenia, including thought insertion and withdrawal, thought broadcasting, 2 voices having a dialogue, delusions of passivity
What is kava kava?
Used to treat depression and anxiety, also used as a sleep aid.
insomnia, opioid withdrawal, tic disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder
hypotension, irritability, dysphoria, and parasomnias
used to trigger absence seizures in clinic
sustained rapid respiration and flashing lights
What is unique about galantamine in terms of its MOA compared with other cognitive enhancing medications
Galantamine has a unique, dual mode of action. It is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and is the only drug actively marketed for the treatment of AD with proven activity as an allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
"unique in its ability to allosterically modulate nicotinic receptors"
What is tacrine?
Tacrine is a centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist (parasympathomimetic). It was the first centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and was marketed under the trade name Cognex.
memantine - mechanism of action?
NMDA receptor antagonist
The principal mechanism of action of memantine is believed to be the blockade of current flow through channels of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors--a glutamate receptor subfamily broadly involved in brain function
nicotinic receptors
On all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle
Excitatory when ACh binding occurs
What deficits can you see with clock drawing
Design Copy:" Copy this design" • Frontal: attention, planning. Motor coordination
- Right parietal: construct, gestalt. Damage leads to hemineglect
Difference between rationalization and intellectualization
Intellectualization: use intellect to avoid an emotional/affective experience (get cancer, spend all your time on internet learning about it to avoid emotionally experiencing having cancer)
Rationalization: using rational explanations to justify an unacceptable behavior or belief ("I'm allowed to take stacks of napkins home from McDonald's because they'll just throw them away anyway")
What is isolation of affect?
- decreased host defense system
- increased sympathetic activation
Which of the following is the best tool to localize genes of single or major effect within a family of related individuals?
a. linkage analysis
b. association mapping
c. candidate gene studies
d. genome wide associated studies
e. comparative genomic hybridization
Linkage analysis
Linkage Analysis: studies where in the genome (i.e., in which chromosomal region) a disease mutation or susceptibility locus may reside. The likelihood that two loci on a chromosome will co-segregate is inversely proportional to the distance between them (genes physically close to each other shouldn ’ t spereate during random crossover in meiosis). Measured using Logarithm of the odds (LOD) with score of 3 (1,000:1 odds) as the threshold for declaring linkage
What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs): Disorders may arise not from one single problematic gene, but the cumulative effect of many small one-letter variations, or SNPs. Identified with genome-wide studies. Low predictive value thus far.
genome-wide association studies
track SNP patterns among individuals who share a particular trait or disorder
Genome-Wide Association Studies: looks for common SNPs and variants to identify genes influencing complex disorders in an “ unbiased ” way because they look at the whole genome and don ’ t need prespecified hypothesis about which genes are important. High risk of false-positives. Has iidentified genetic loci associated with autism, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia
What is association mapping
In genetics, association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations.
what is effect moderation
In statistics and regression analysis, moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable or simply the moderator.[1] The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an interaction;[1] that is, a categorical (e.g., sex, ethnicity, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between dependent and independent variables. Specifically within a correlational analysis framework, a moderator is a third variable that affects the
that person introjects the projected qualities and believes him/herself to be characterized by them appropriately and justifiably.
(2) In the object relations theory of Melanie Klein, projective identification is a defense mechanism in which a person fantasizes that part of their ego is split off and projected into the object in order to harm or to protect the disavowed part.[3]
In this second sense, it can be said that in a close relationship, as between parent and child, lovers, or therapist and patient, parts of the self may, in unconscious fantasy, be thought of as being forced into the other person.
What is projection?
- Projection: endowing your feelings onto someone else ("Why is mom so angry today?" when really YOU are angry). Can include paranoid delusions and delusional disorders, which puts one's feelings onto others ("They want to harm me")
The montreal cognitive assessment differs from the mini mental state examination in its ability to test for
a. writing ability
b. reading ability
c. comprehension
d. abstract thinking
e. visuospatial function
abstract thinking
MoCA differs from the MMSE mainly by including tests of executive function and abstraction, and by putting less weight on orientation to time and place. Ten of the MMSE's 30 points are scored solely on the time-place orientation test, whereas the
MoCA assigns it a maximum of six points.
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been shown to be more sensitive in detecting executive dysfunction than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). However, it is still not known whether all the MoCA executive subtests contribute to the superior sensitivity.
According to epidemiologic community based studies, which of the following is a consistent risk factor for development of PTSD
A. MALE GENDER
B. university education
c. history of depression
d. history of panic disorder
e. low socioeconomic status
low socioeconomic status
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not stored in synaptic vesicles but synthesized de novo?
a. GABA
b. histamine
c. glutamate
d. acetylcholine
e. endocannabinoids
Endocannabinoids
e interpersonal effectiveness
Opposite action
Our emotions are always encouraging us to take action. Sometimes, this action would be beneficial to our situation. In other circumstances, the action wouldn't make sense. Opposite action is a dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) emotion regulation skill to help you identify whether or not these actions make sense in the moment and what to do about them.
interpersonal effectiveness
A process that involves learning to ask for what one needs and how to say "no" while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others.
DBT SKILL
Goals of interpersonal effectiveness include getting people to meet your needs, getting them to do those things you want them to do, and to get others to take your opinions seriously. The aim is to strengthen current relationships, build new and satisfying relationships, and end those relationships that are unhealthy or toxic. It is important to create and maintain balance in relationships, and balance change with acceptance.
How to diagnose locked in syndrome
Look at difference in picture between coma and locked in syndrome in terms of causes
MRI with contrast
cause of locked in syndrome
Basilar stroke
What is seriation?
Seriation In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the third stage is called the Concrete Operational Stage. During this stage, which occurs from age 7-12, the child shows increased use of logic or reasoning. One of the important processes that develops is that of Seriation, which refers to the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type. For example, the child would be able to look at his plate of mixed vegetables and eat everything except the brussels sprouts.
Stages of Piaget's Theory
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What is conservation according to Piaget
Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size , according to the psychologist Jean Piaget. His theory posits that this ability is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2-7 but develops in the concrete operational stage from ages 7-11.
What is object permanence?
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed
What is accommodation?
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
survival analysis
Logistic Regression and linear regression
Logistic regression: A statistical analysis which determines an individual's risk of the outcome as a function of a risk factor. The outcome of interest has two categories.
linear regression: A method of finding the best model for a linear relationship between the explanatory and response variable.
log-linear analysis
The log-linear analysis is appropriate when the goal of research is to determine if there is a statistically significant relationship among three or more discrete variables
Klinefelter syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
Caused by nondisjunction of XX homologue
cannot be passed on bc infertile
What brain structure has been implicated in maternal attachment
a amygdala
b substantia nigra
c mammillary bodies
d reticular formation
e orbitofrontal cortex
Amygdala
The amygdala, a central node of the limbic affective system, has similarly been implicated in social affiliation and maternal attachment
Pretend play in preschool-age depends upon
children's increasing ability in which skills
a. emotion regulation
b. language acquisition
c. cooperation with peers
d. ability to follow parental rules
e. use of one object to represent another
e use of one object to represent another
Compared to the reproductive years, women inp erimenopause are at a two fold increased risk of developing which of the following disorders
a panic
b bipolar
c depressive
d adjustment
d parietal cortex
e prefrontal cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
What is the most sensitive and specific lab test for identifying heavy drinking and monitoring treatment
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
Primary area that contains cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons
Locus Coeruleus
what condition shows damage to periaquaductal gray matter
Wernicke's Encephalopathy. Severe syndrome due to chronic alcoholism, precipitated by thiamine deficiency. Damage is caused to the mammillary bodies, medial thalamic nuclei, and periaqueductal areas. Clinical triad include confusion, truncal ataxia/gait imbalance, and opthalmoplegia (extraocular paralysis of CN, especially CN VI). MRI shows abnormal hyperdensity of mammillary bodies and periaqueductal grey matter
symptoms of vestibular schwannoma
Q: A 35-year-old female presents with unilateral hearing loss, unsteadiness, falls, headaches, mild facial weakness, and ipsilateral limb ataxia. Where is the lesion?
A: Cerebellopontine angle. The patient has clear symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction (ipsilateral ataxia is specific for cerebellum). The Pons has multiple CN nuclei, including the facial nerve (facial weakness) and vestibular nerve (unilateral hearing and balance). Zone 2: Middle Face=Pons
Location of synthesis: GABA
nucleus accumbens
Compared to children w ADHD adults with ADHD generally have a higher burden of which of the following
a. number of symptoms
b fxnl impairment
c neurocognitive deficits
d hyperactive symptoms
e psychiatric comorbidities
functional impairment
What are the three elements of informed consent
information, comprehension, voluntariness per premade list
on prite exam, informational sharing, decisional capacity, and voluntarism
Which of the following is a primary effect of inflammatory cytokines
a decreased circulating cortisol hormone
b decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone
c increased tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids
d decreased mRNA activity in the paraventricular nucleus
e increased production of coriticotrophin release hormone
