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PRITE 2020 CORRECT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (GRADED A+)
“What is abulia? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of will, drive, or initiative for action, speech and
thought" "What statistic variable measures the magnitude of difference between two intervention groups?
- CORRECT ANSWER Effect size"
"What is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Inherited disorder
that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood
- Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if the levels become too high"
"What is MECP2? What disorder does it cause? - CORRECT ANSWER - It is a methylated DNA
binding protein. It binds to methylated to DNA and removes acytlase.
- In females it causes Rett syndrome.
- Cause an extremely variably expressed syndrome featuring cognitive impairment and other CNS features in males (MECP2 duplication syndrome: severe intellectual disability and impaired motor function)"
"Which therapeutic approach has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of trichotillomania? -
CORRECT ANSWER Habital reversal theory"
"What is dialectical behavior therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Specialized therapy that focuses
on providing psychoeducation, validating the patient's emotional vulnerability and encouraging change"
"Where do the dopaminergic neurons originate in the mesocorticolimbic system? - CORRECT
ANSWER Ventral tegmental area"
"Which antipsychotic is absorbed primarily through the oral mucosa? - CORRECT ANSWER
Asenapine" "What is one foundational factor that leads to successful abstinence for individuals participating
in Alcoholics Anonymous? - CORRECT ANSWER Recognizing that they are an alcoholic"
"What is oppositional defiant disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER pattern of negativistic, defiant,
disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures (e.g. losing temper, arguing) for six mo or more. may progress to conduct disorder." "According to CATIE-Alzheimer's Disease, relative to placebo, antipsychotic medication use for the treatment of behavioral disturbance in participants had which type of effect in the majority
of subjects by week 12? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced suspiciousness"
"What are the four processes that reflect the flow and focus of a motivational interviewing
conversation? - CORRECT ANSWER - Engaging
- Focusing
- Planning
- Evoking" "The pleasurable effects of drugs of abuse begin with increased neurotransmitter release in
which area of the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER Nucleus accumbens"
"Which type of memory is most dependent on medial temporal lobe integrity? - CORRECT
ANSWER declarative"
"What are the types of memories? - CORRECT ANSWER - Short term memory and long term
memory
- Long term memory is divided into explicit/declarative (conscious) and implicit (unconscious)
- Explicit/Declarative is divided into episodic (events that happened to you) and semantic (general knowledge of the world)
- Implicit is divided into priming and procedural (motor, how to ride bike)"
"What is priming memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Type of implicit memory that occurs when
exposure to one stimulus influences one's brain's response to another. For example, in word-judging tasks, participants identify pairs of associated words such as BREAD-BUTTER faster than non-associated pairs such as BREAD-DOCTOR"
"What is the shortest type of memory? - CORRECT ANSWER Working memory, a type of
short term memory
- This is what we use to hold information in our heads while we engage in other cognitive processes
- An example is remembering the numbers a new friend recites as you navigate your phone's menu system to add a contact"
"Where is orexin secreted from and how does it affect food intake? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Synthesized by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus
- Increases craving fo food
- Leptin inhibits orexin"
"What is regression analysis? - CORRECT ANSWER Reliable method of identifying which
variables have impact on a topic of interest" "Which brain cell is implicated in both neural circuit formation of the developing brain and
scavenging for damaged neurons, plaques, and infectious agents? - CORRECT ANSWER
Microglia"
"What is the function of Schwann cells? - CORRECT ANSWER Myelinate axons in the PNS"
"Who coined the term schizophrenogenic mother? - CORRECT ANSWER Frieda Fromm-
Reichmann
- It refers to mothers of individuals who develop schizophrenia, the implication being that the mother has induced the illness"
"What is Carl Rogers known for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Person/client center psychotherapy
- Attributes to create a growth-promoting climate in which individuals can move forward and become capable of becoming their true self 1. congruence (genuineness), 2. unconditional positive regard (acceptance and caring), 3. Accurate empathetic understanding (an ability to deeply grasp the subject world of another person)"
"What is Melanie Klein known for? - CORRECT ANSWER - Play therapy and object relations
(the theory suggests that the way people relate to others and situations in their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy)"
"What is the glabellar tap? - CORRECT ANSWER primitive reflex where the eyes shut if an
individual is tapped lightly between the eyebrows" "At which age does a child possess sufficient cognitive ability and meet the Appelbaum criteria
for general healthcare decision-making capacity? - CORRECT ANSWER 12 years old"
"What are the four dimensions of Appelbaum criteria for decision making capacity? - CORRECT
ANSWER 1. Understanding
- Appreciation
- Reasoning
- Expression of a choice" "Which neurotransmitter is contained in sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral pre-optic
nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER GABA"
"What is most significantly affected when syringomyelia first presents? - CORRECT ANSWER
Pain perception"
"What are the 3 major epigenetic mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. DNA methylation
- Histone modification
- Expression regulation by micro-RNAs"
"The avoidance that occurs with social phobia is regulated between which two brain regions? -
CORRECT ANSWER Amygdala and periaqueductal gray area of the brainstem"
"What is the function of the periaqueductal gray area of the brainstem? - CORRECT ANSWER
Functional interface between the forebrain and the lower brainstem
- Major role in integrated behavioral responses to internal (pain) or external (threat) stressors"
"What are the most common compulsions in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder? -
CORRECT ANSWER Cleaning and checking"
"How do oral contraceptives and lamotrigine interact with each other? - CORRECT ANSWER
Oral contraceptives containing estrogens decrease serum levels of lamotrigine"
"What is the risk of using St John's wort in patients with depression? - CORRECT ANSWER
May induce mania (if patient has bipolar disorder)"
"What happens with NMDA and GABA receptors in acute alcohol intoxication? - CORRECT
ANSWER NMDA receptor antagonism
GABA receptor agonism"
"What is a finding found in sleep studies for a patient with periodic limb movement disorder? -
CORRECT ANSWER Brief lower extremity jerks with brief repeated arousals"
"Which medication was among the first to be approved to treat depression? - CORRECT
ANSWER Iproniazid"
"What alternative stimuli can be used by examiner to overcome the wicrawal response of
babinski reflex by patient? - CORRECT ANSWER downward scraping of the shin"
"When observed in a young adult, bilateral paresis of the medial muscle of the eye on attempted
lateral gaze, with a coarse nystagmus in the abducting eye, is characteristic of which disease? -
CORRECT ANSWER Multiple sclerosis"
"Ethical standards issued by the American Medical Association prohibit physician involvement
in which aspect of a death penalty case unless s a commutation order is in place? - CORRECT
ANSWER Restoration of competence to be executed"
"What is a hypnagogic hallucination? - CORRECT ANSWER Visual, auditory, or tactile
hallucinations at sleep onset"
"How does the CNS repond to an acute cortical insult? - CORRECT ANSWER Microglia
processes retract, and the cell body enlarges" "Which medication can reduce psychotic symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease without
worsening motor symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWER Pimavanserin"
"Which neurodevelopment processes predominantly occurs during adolescence and young
adulthood? - CORRECT ANSWER Synaptic pruning"
"What is measured for the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II?
- CORRECT ANSWER Test-taking attitude of the patient" "What process accounts for the brain's rapid increase in size from birth through the second year
of life? - CORRECT ANSWER Synaptogenesis of neurons"
"What is the most common reason why patients discontinue SSRIs? - CORRECT ANSWER GI
distress" "Which neurological disorder is reported to have the highest prevalence of pathological laughing
and crying? - CORRECT ANSWER Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
"Which is a pharmacological effect of lithium? - CORRECT ANSWER Inositol
monophosphatase activation"
"Which stage of development occurs first in female physical development? - CORRECT
ANSWER Increase in adrenal androgen production"
"Which Freudian psychosexual stage of development is characterized by an intensification of libidinal drives, separation from a dependence on one's parents, and achievement of a mature
sense of self? - CORRECT ANSWER Genital"
"What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral (Birth-
year) - Mouth/Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally passive: smoking, eating, kissing, oral sexual practices//Oral stage fixation might result in a passive, gullible, immature, manipulative personality. Anal (1-3 years) - Bowel and bladder elimination//Anal retentive: Obsessively organized, or excessively neatAnal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, coprophiliac Phallic (3-6 years) - Genitalia//Oedipus complex (in boys and girls); according to Sigmund Freud. Electra complex (in girls); according to Carl Jung. Promiscuity and low self-esteem in both sexes. Latency (6-puberty) - Dormant sexual feelingsImmaturity and an inability to form fulfilling non- sexual relationships as an adult if fixation occurs in this stage. Genital( Puberty-death) - Sexual interests matureFrigidity, impotence, sexual perversion, great difficulty in forming a healthy sexual relationship with another person" "Deep brain stimulation targeting which brain region has been most frequently studied for the
experimental treatment of depression? - CORRECT ANSWER Subcallosal cingulate cortex"
"Which neurotransmitter is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function
in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex? - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine"
"What is apraxia? - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned
(familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements"
"What is atonia? - CORRECT ANSWER paralysis of body's muscles"
"What is aphasia? - CORRECT ANSWER loss of ability to understand or express speech,
caused by brain damage."
"What is positive effect (health promoting effect) of the neuroinflammatory response? -
CORRECT ANSWER Microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical
activity in response to a peripheral infection"
"Which sleep change is often seen in depressive disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased
REM latency" "Pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors are essential features of
which personality disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Histrionic"
"What is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist? - CORRECT ANSWER Guanfacine"
"What is progressive supra nuclear palsy? - CORRECT ANSWER Degenerative disease
involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. The condition leads to symptoms including loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty moving the eyes, and dementia. PSP may be mistaken for other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The cause of the condition is uncertain, but involves accumulation of tau protein within the brain. Medications such as levodopa and amantadine may be useful in some cases." "The recognition of affective behavior by the mirror neuron system involves connections
between the anterior mesial frontal cortex and which other part of the brain? - CORRECT
ANSWER Insula"
"Which type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is most closely associated with the reward
properties of nicotine? - CORRECT ANSWER alpha4beta2"
"What are wild type alleles? - CORRECT ANSWER Each allele may be categorized as a wild-
type (functional) or variant (defective) allele."
"What is countertransference? - CORRECT ANSWER When a client expresses emotions onto
a client based on his/her unresolved conflicts."
"What is transference? - CORRECT ANSWER Transference (noun): the redirection of
feelings about a specific person onto someone else (in therapy, this refers to a client's projection of their feelings about someone else onto their therapist). Countertransference (noun): the redirection of a therapist's feelings toward the client."
"Detection of single nucleotide variants in rare genetic diseases is most likely to occur with which
type of genetic study? - CORRECT ANSWER Exam sequencing"
"What are the different types of prevention? - CORRECT ANSWER Primary: Mainly aimed at
young people who have not yet tried the substances in question or who may have tried alcohol or tobacco. Secondary: Designed for people who have tried the drug in question, or a variety of other substances. The goals of such programs are to prevent the use of other, more dangerous substances and the prevention of the development of more dangerous forms of the use of the substance they are already experimenting with. Tertiary: Relapse prevention, or follow-up programs. For alcohol or heroin-dependent individuals, these programs are a first priority. Universal prevention: designed for delivery to an entire population (schoolchildren or a community) Selective: For groups within the general population that are deemed to be at high risk. Indicated: Target individuals who show signs of developing problems (a child who smokes cigarettes)" "According to Melanie Klein, a child who perceives the mother as an integral person who is responsible for both good and bad experiences at the same tie is said to be in which type of
position? - CORRECT ANSWER In the depressive position"
"High voltage dela activity associated with slow-eye rolling movements on polysomnogram is
characteristic of which stage of sleep? - CORRECT ANSWER N3"
"What are the different stages of sleep? - CORRECT ANSWER Beta: high frequency patterns
that reflect alertness Alpha: low frequency waves that reflect relaxation stage 1: light sleep stage 2: deeper sleep - when sleep spindles occur stage 3: emergence of delta waves Delta: larger slow waves"
"What is anterior cerebral artery stroke syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER - Contralateral leg
paresis
- Abulia, disinhibition, executive dysfunction *In some cases, akinetic mutism, if bilateral caudate head infarction"
"What are the most common causes of copper deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Gastric
bypass surgery and zinc toxicity"
"What is the presentation of copper deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER Hematological
consequences: myelodysplasia, anemia, low white blood cell count Neurological consequences: sensory ataxia, spasticity, muscle weakness, damage to peripheral nerves, myelopathy and rarely optic neuropathy"
"How does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) present? - CORRECT ANSWER - Caused by pyridoxine-
inactivating drugs such as isoniazid, protein-energy undernutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, or excessive loss
- Deficiency can cause peripheral neuropathy, seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, and cheilosis. In adults, depression, confusion and seizures are typical"
"What is cluster A personality disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by odd,
eccentric thinking or behavior
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder"
"What is cluster B personality disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by dramatic,
overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder"
"How is empathy distinguished from identification? - CORRECT ANSWER Retaining
objectivity in the relationship"
"What is cumulative incidence? - CORRECT ANSWER Number of new cases/number of
people at risk in population"
"What is point prevalence? - CORRECT ANSWER A particular INSTANCE in time....Who has
the disease over who is at risk."
"What is lifetime prevalence? - CORRECT ANSWER how likely you are within a lifetime to
acquire that disease"
"What is capitation? - CORRECT ANSWER monthly fee a provider is paid for each covered
patient"
"What is a risk factor associated with prolonged or complicated bereavement? - CORRECT
ANSWER Male gender"
"What is a finding on electromyography, when seen during REM sleep, that is diagnostic of REM
sleep behavior disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Excess muscle tone"
"Which antipsychotic medication carries the lowest risk of QT prolongation? - CORRECT
ANSWER Aripriprazole"
"Which physical health condition has the highest risk of suicide? - CORRECT ANSWER Brain
injury"
"What is rapprochement? - CORRECT ANSWER In the theory of separation-individuation of
Hungarian-born U.S. child psychoanalyst Margaret Schönberger Mahler (1897-1985), a subphase, after about 18 months of age, in which the child makes active approaches to the mother."
"What is holding? - CORRECT ANSWER A mother's capacity to understand her infant's
internal states, which is communicated by mirroring"
"What is identity diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER Identity diffusion is one step in the process
of finding a sense of self. It refers to a period when an individual does not have an established identity nor is actively searching for one."
"What is projective identification? - CORRECT ANSWER In the object relations theory of
Melanie Klein, projective identification is a defense mechanism in which a person fantasizes that part of his ego is split off and projected into the object in order to harm or to protect the disavowed part"
"What are some differences between subcortical and cortical dementias? - CORRECT
ANSWER Subcortical dementias (Parkinson's) tend to have less severe intellectual and
cognitive dysfunction, but more motor dysfunction than cortical dementias (Alzheimer's)"
"What is drive theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Drive theory is based on the principle that
organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied"
"What is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine? - CORRECT ANSWER
Tyrosine hydroxylase"
"What is salience network? - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of anterior insula (AI) and
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
"Which psychiatric disorder is most prevalent in patients with cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER
Adjustment disorder"
"Which psychiatric condition is held to a stricter confidentially standard by federal law? -
CORRECT ANSWER Substance use disorders"
"Which form of competency requires the highest legal threshold? - CORRECT ANSWER
Making financial decisions"
"What is alogia? - CORRECT ANSWER Process of poor thinking inferred from speech and
language usage. There may be a general lack of additional, unprompted content seen in normal speech: the replies to questions may be brief and concrete, with a reduction in spontaneous speech."
"What is anosognosia? - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of ability to perceive the realities of one's
own condition. It's a person's inability to accept that they have a condition that matches up with their symptoms or a formal diagnosis" "Lower birth weight corrected for gestational age must strongly predicts the risk for later
development of which mental health illness? - CORRECT ANSWER
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
"What is the sublimation defense mechanism? - CORRECT ANSWER Funneling of an
unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity. ex: person who loves cutting and blood, becomes a surgeon instead of a murderer."
"What is the difference between suppression and repression? - CORRECT ANSWER
Repression is unconsciously, suppression is consciously pushing thoughts out of awareness"
"Which cation blocks the NMDA receptor at resting membrane potential? - CORRECT
ANSWER Magnesium"
"What is a good predictor of later functional and adaptive outcomes in autism spectrum
disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Verbal ability at age five years"
"What is behavioral activation? - CORRECT ANSWER It is a therapeutic intervention that is
often used to treat depression.
- Stems from a behavioral model of depression that conceptualizes depression as a consequence of a lack of positive reinforcement"
"What is circumduction? - CORRECT ANSWER - Combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
- Occurs with right-sided hemiparesis" "Which MRI imaging study would demonstrate an abnormality in mild traumatic brain injury?
CORRECT ANSWER Diffusion tensor imaging"
"By what age does core gender identity typically form? - CORRECT ANSWER 3 years"
"Severity of cognitive deficits associated with severe head trauma correlates with which factor? -
CORRECT ANSWER Duration of post-traumatic amnesia"
"Which area of the hypothalamus has been reported to play a central role in maternal behavior of
mothers towards infants? - CORRECT ANSWER preoptic"
"What is Ropinirole used for? - CORRECT ANSWER Parkinson's treatment as well as Restless
leg syndrome
"Oxytocin suppresses which brain region during emotionally charged situations? - CORRECT
ANSWER Amygdala"
"Energy homeostasis is thought to be regulated by leptin receptors in which brain region? -
CORRECT ANSWER Hypothalamus"
"Which enzyme is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine? - CORRECT ANSWER
tyrosine hydroxylase" "In biofeedback, the relaxation state coincides with a measured decrease in which type of factor?
CORRECT ANSWER skin conductance"
"What is biofeedback? - CORRECT ANSWER non-drug treatment in which patients learn to
control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate." "Damage to which brain structure may account for flapping movements of the limbs seen in
carbon monoxide poisoning? - CORRECT ANSWER Globus pallidus"
"Which medications are used for mono therapy treatment for bipolar depression? - CORRECT
ANSWER 1. Olanzapine-fluoxetine
"What is veracity? - CORRECT ANSWER truthfulness"
"Where do histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate from? - CORRECT ANSWER
Tuberomammillary nuclei" "What is Winnicott's theory of the development of infants' assertiveness and sense of
competence? - CORRECT ANSWER "Good enough mother" - helps to guide child through
stages, providing early connection and gradual release
- Undifferentiated unity (first stage, child needs an illusion of being connected with mother)
- Transition (child realizes dependences, mother moves away from child in well-timed small doses)
- Relative independence (child develops healthy false self) holding environment"
"What are the lab abnormalities associated with refeeding syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Hallmark hypophosphatemia
- However, syndrome is complex and may feature abnormal sodium and fluid balance, changes in glucose, protein, and fat metabolism, thiamine deficiency, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia"
"AMPA receptor is stimulated by the presence of which neurotransmitter? - CORRECT
ANSWER glutamate"
"What is the difference between AMPA and NMDA receptors? - CORRECT ANSWER - Sodium
and potassium increases in AMPA receptors whereas calcium increases along with sodium and potassium influx in NMDA receptors
- Moreover, AMPA receptors do not have a magnesium ion block while NMDA receptors do have a calcium ion block"
"What is the difference between operant and classical conditioning? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence"
"At which age do children begin developing concern for others and learning to share? -
CORRECT ANSWER Around 4 years old"
"Which neurotransmitter facilitates sexual arousal? - CORRECT ANSWER Dopamine"
"In utero exposure to cannabis during neuronal development is associated with which defect in
the infant? - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive defects"
"In children with cancer, inadequate prophylaxis of pain and stress during difficult procedures
such as bone marrow biopsies, is most likely to result in which psychiatric condition? -
CORRECT ANSWER Generalized anxiety disorder"
"What is the difference between risk and odds? - CORRECT ANSWER Risk refers to the
probability of occurrence of an event or out come Odds refers to the probability of occurrence of an event/probability of the event not occurring"
"What is the function of astrocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood brain barrier
- Physical and metabolic support for neurons, detoxification, guidance during migration, regulations of energy metabolism, electrical insulation, transport of blood-borne material to the neuron, reaction to injury"
"What is the function of ependymal cells? - CORRECT ANSWER Line the ventricles, and
they're present at the choroid plexus
- Also form secretory epithelium that produces the CSF that fills the ventricles and bathes the entire CNS"
"What is the function of oligodendrocytes? - CORRECT ANSWER Myelinate the CNS"
"What are cis-regulatory elements? - CORRECT ANSWER Regions of non-coding DNA which
regulate the transcription of neighboring genes"
"Which neurotransmitter most directly regulates impulsive or affective aggression? -
CORRECT ANSWER Serotonin"
"What is a ten year old's understanding of death? - CORRECT ANSWER Death is permanent
and the dead will not return" "Successful global cognitive performance with aging has most consistently been positively
associated with the size of which brain structure? - CORRECT ANSWER Hippocampus
formation"
"What is Bonferroni correction? - CORRECT ANSWER Alpha level is adjusted by dividing it
by the number of comparisons - protects for Fishing/chance of false positive findings
- multiple-comparison correction used when several dependent or independent statistical tests are being formed simultaneously"
