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A Project
On
The rights of arrested person
The code of criminal procedure
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Amit
sharma
Faculty, FYLC, 9th
Semester
UOR, Jaipur Section-A
Roll no. 9
UNIVERSITY FIVE YEAR LAW COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHA JAIPUR
CERTIFICATE
Date – 16/08/
Faculty
UFYLC,
UOR, Jaipur
This is to certify that Mr. Amit sharma student 9th semester, Section A has carried out project titled
the rights of arrested person under my supervision. It is an investigation of a minor research project.
The student has completed research work in stipulated time and according to norms prescribed for the
purpose.
Supervisor
CHAPTER-1:-
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-2:-
Social Groups and Types
CHAPTER-3:-
Elements of social groups
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1
Introduction
Individuals in groups are connected to each other by social relationshipsA social group within social sciences has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. other theorists disagree however, and are wary of definitions which stress the importance of interdependence or objective similarity Instead, researchers within the social identity tradition generally define it as "a group is defined in terms of those who identify themselves as members of the group".Regardless, social groups come in a myriad
of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a
large social group.
Chapter 2
Social Groups
Individuals in groups are connected to each other by social relationships
A social group within social sciences has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Other theorists disagree however, and are wary of definitions which stress the importance of interdependence or objective similarity. Instead, researchers within the social identity tradition generally define it as "a group is defined in terms of those who identify themselves as members of the group". Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group.
Characteristics of Social Group :
(1) Given number of Individual:
A social group consists of a given number of individuals. Without a number of individuals no social group can be formed. Two or more than that
exercises control over it’s members. These norms may be written or unwritten. Any violation of group norms is followed by punishment. The group norms maintain unity and integrity in the group.
(7) Similar Behavior:
Members of a social group show similar behavior. As the interests, ideals and values of a group are common hence its members behave in a similar manner. This similar behavior helps in the achievement of common goals.
(8) Awareness:
Members of a social group are aware about the membership which distinguishes them from others. This is perhaps due to ‘the consciousness of kind’ as opined by Giddings.
(9) Group Control:
Social group exercises some sort of control over its members and over their activities. This control may be direct or indirect. Of course group exercises control only over non-conformists or deviants.
(10) Social groups may be permanent or temporary in nature. There are permanent groups likes family and temporary groups like crowd, mob etc.
(11) Social groups are dynamic in nature. It is not static. It responds to different changes. The nature of change may be slow or rapid but it is bound to occur.
Types
According to Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929), a primary group is a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. People joined in primary relationships spend a great deal of time together, engage in a wide range of activities, and feel that they know one another well. In short, they show real concern for one another. In every society, the family is the most important primary group. Groups based on lasting friendships are also primary groups.
Secondary groups, in contrast to primary groups, are large groups involving formal and institutional relationships. Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. Most secondary groups are short term, beginning and ending without particular significance. They may last for years or may disband after a short time. The formation of primary groups happens within secondary groups.
Primary groups can be present in secondary settings. For example, attending a university exemplifies membership of a secondary group, while the friendships that are made there would be considered a primary group that you belong to. Likewise, some businesses care deeply about the well being of one another, while some immediate families have hostile relations within it.
Individuals almost universally have a bond toward what sociologists call reference groups. A reference group is a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. Some examples of types of groups include the following:
Peer group
A peer group is a group with members of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Generally, people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers. Clique
A group of people that have many of the same interests & commonly found in a High School/College setting; most of the time they have a name & rules for themselves. Club A club is a group, which usually requires one to apply to become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities: sporting clubs, for example.
Cabal
A cabal is a group of people united in some close design together, usually to promote their private views or interests in a church, state, or other community, often by intrigue. Household All individuals who live in the same home. Anglophone culture may include various models of household, including the family, blended families, share housing, and group homes.
Similar to a squad, though a team may contain many more members. A team works in a similar way to a squad.
In-group
It is a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty. It is a group that an individual identifies in positive direction. If a person is part of the in-group then they are collectively part of an inner circle of friends. An inner circle may contain sub-groups within the inner circle including the apex (best friends), core (very close friends), outer rim, etc. This group provides a support structure and being exclusive offers protection from anyone in an Out-group (see below.)
Out-group
It is a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. It is a group that an individual identifies in negative direction.
Groups can also be categorized according to the number of people present within the group. This makes sense if the size of the group has consequences for the way group members relate with each other. In a small group, for example, "each member receives some impression ... of each other member distinct enough so that he or she ... can give some reaction to each of the others as an individual person."]^ This personal interaction is not possible in larger groups.
Chapter 3
Elements of social groups
1. Interaction
Two people talking
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various sciences.[citation needed] Changes can also involve interactions in puberty
Casual examples of interaction outside of science include:[citation needed]
Communication of any sort, for example two or more people talking to each other, or communication among groups, organizations, nations or states: trade, migration, foreign relations, transportation,
(2)Interdependence
Interdependence is the mutual reliance between two or more groups. In relationships, interdependence is the degree to which members of the group are mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not.
In an interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally, economically, ecologically and/or morally reliant on and responsible to each other. An interdependent relationship can arise between two or more cooperative autonomous participants ...,,,,,
(3) Values:
At the top level are the societal values. These are the most general or abstract normative conceptions of what the ideal society itself would be like.
Individuals or groups are found to be emotionally committed to values. These values help to integrate personality or a system of interaction.
(4) Norms:
According to H.M. Johnson, sub-groups and roles are governed by social norms. Social norms are of two types: (i) obligatory or relational and (ii) permissive or regulative.
Some norms specify positive obligations. But they are not commonly applied to all the roles and sub-groups. For example, the positive obligations of a family are not the same as those of business firm.
Some other norms specify the limit of permissible action. A role occupant of a sub-group in this case ‘must’ do certain things, ‘may’ do certain things and ‘must not do sill others. They are called regulative norms. They do not differentiate between roles and sub-groups. For example in our society, regardless of one’s role, one must not seek to influence others by threat of violence or by violence itself.
The components of social structure are human beings, the structure being an arrangement of persons in relationship institutionally defined and regulated.
