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PORTAGE LEARNING- BIOD 121
FINAL EXAM - WELL ANSWERED
What is the difference between hunger and appetite? - Hunger: Internal drive that prompts negative sensations for us to find food and eat Appetite: External drive that is a positive sensation; a desire to consume specific foods. List two examples of Cognitive external forces that can influence eating habits and comment on your personal experience with each of them. - Habits, Comfort foods, Advertising, Social Factors, Nutritional Value
- ______________is the internal drive to find and eat food. Often experienced as a 2. ______________ sensation. - 1. Hunger
- negative Vitamins are considered both: a. Macronutrients and Inorganic b. Macronutrients and Organic c. Micronutrients and Organic d. Micronutrients and Inorganic - b. Macronutrients and Organic Define macronutrients - nutrients needed in large amounts in the body If a fudge brownie has 14 grams of carbohydrates, 2 gram of protein and 9 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie? - 14 x 4 = 56 2 x 4 = 8 9 x 9 = 81 56 + 8 + 81 = 145 calories The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000 calories daily. You should not consume any more than 65% of your calories from carbohydrates. How many grams of carbohydrates should you eat in a day? - 325 grams (2000 x .65 = 1300) 1300 calories / 4 = 325 grams of carbs
- The state of ________________ nutrition can be achieved by eating a variety of foods which provide all the essential nutrients.
- Malnutrition can either be a nutritional state of _________________ or ______________ nutrition. - 1. desirable
- A. over B. under An individual's health can be assessed using the ABCDEs of nutritional assessment. Give a brief description of what A stands for. - Anthropometrics- measurements of body composition such as height and weight According to MyPlate, what types of food should we increase in our diet? - fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low fat dairy Based on the nutritional label shown below, how many calories would you consume if you ate the entire container of macaroni and cheese? - 250 calories per serving x 2 servings per container = 500 calories Specific parts of the GI tract include the ______(A)_______, esophagus, stomach, ______(B)_______ , large intestine and rectum. Other organs such as the liver, ______(C)__________ and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract. - A. mouth B. small intestine C. gallbladder Explain the cause and symptoms of heartburn. - Heartburn is a burning sensation in the esophagus due to an improper closing of a sphincter that allows stomach acids to enter into the esophagus. Sphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Name two sphincters discussed in the module and using your own words, briefly describe their functions - The esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach. The ileocecal sphincter prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine. Define the role of enzymes in digestion. Are enzymes an example of the chemical or mechanical process of digestion? - Enzymes role is to breakdown food particles into smaller parts and readies the nutrients for absorption. Enzymes are an example of chemical digestion. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions. a. Monosaccharides
d.Excess glucose is stored as glycogen - c.Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels What is the function of glucagon? - Glucagon is released from the pancreas. This hormone converts liver glycogen to glucose and improves blood sugar to greater than 70 mg/dl. Name the food groups that vegans will include in their diet and those that they avoid. - Vegans will consume plant foods only. The biological value of a protein is different in _____(A)_______ vs plant sources. _____(B)_______ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or _____(C)_______ protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called protein-calorie malnutrition. - A. animal B. Animal C. incomplete Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids? a. Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels b. A relationship has been found between a diet high in fat and cardiovascular disease c. Some fat is necessary in our diet d. To lower blood cholesterol levels choose foods made with unsaturated fats - a. Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels What are lipoproteins comprised of? - Lipoproteins are lipids surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol. Define protein calorie malnutrition. - Protein calorie malnutrition is inadequate intake of protein and calories over a period of time which leads to muscle wasting, and increased risk of infection due to a compromised immune system. The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources. ____________ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. ____________ sources are considered lower quality or incomplete protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called _____________ proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called ___________-___________ _______________. - animal plant complimentary protein- calorie malnutrition
Which of the following questions is NOT true of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. The BMR is the minimal amount of calories used by the body in a fasting state when resting b. Males have a higher BMR than females c. Pregnancy increases the BMR d. Physical activity is a component of the BMR - Define the term energy balance. - Energy balance is defined as energy intake being equal to energy expended Using the guidelines for Body Mass Index someone with a body mass index of greater than 31 would be considered _____________. - obese Comparing the amount of oxygen consumed with the amount of carbon dioxide expired measures a person's energy expenditure using ________________. - Indirect calorimetry Calculate the EER for a male who is 20 years old, 5 feet 11 inches tall, 155 pounds with an active lifestyle. - EER = 662 - (9.53 x 20) + 1.25 x (15.91 x 70.45 + 539.6 x 1.80) EER = 3086.7 calories
- The distribution of fat in the body is important. Males often have an apple shape, often referred to as ___________ obesity.
- Females have a pear shape often referred to as __________ obesity.
- The shape that has the highest health risks associated with it is the __________ shape. - 1. android
- gynoid
- apple Which person is at a greater risk for health issues related to being overweight or obese? Explain your answer. Janet has a BMI of 24 and a waist to hip ratio of .8. Fred has a BMI of 25 and a waist to hip ratio of 1.0 - fred The desired hip to waist ratio: males is <0. females < 0.8. A BMI of: 18-24.9 is considered healthy 25-29.9 is considered overweight 30 or greater is considered obese
- ____ A. Cognitive Restructuring Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: a. They are organic b. Are absorbed into the lymph system c. All are synthesized by the body d. Are stored in large quantities -
- Lack of this vitamin can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults.
- Xeropthalmia is a result of a deficiency of _______________. - 1. Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C is important in the formation of _______________. Like Vitamin A and E it works as an antioxidant scavenging free radicals.
- Combining _____________ with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption.
- A deficiency results in scurvy which can be prevented by consuming ________ ________. This vitamin is often marketed as a cure for the common cold. - 1. collagen
- iron
- citrus fruits
- A friend of yours is a weight lifter. He just purchased a supplement of vitamin B-6. What are the side effects of mega doses of this vitamin?
- Why would he consider taking this? - 1. Megadoses of B-6 from supplements can cause hand and foot numbness as well as irreversible nerve damage.
- Weight lifters use large amounts to build muscle mass.
- A deficiency of thiamin results in beriberi which translates to I can't I can't. Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin and the symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, ____________ and death.
- Ariboflavinosis results from a riboflavin deficiency leading to an inflamed tongue known as glossitis and ____________ , cracks around the mouth.
- A deficiency of folate and vitamin ____________ both result in megaloblastic anemia, formation of large immature red blood cells. - 1. dementia
- cheilosis
- B-
- To prevent dehydration two hormones are secreted. ____________ is secreted from the adrenal glands to conserve sodium and water.
- The pituitary glands release __________ __________ to decrease urine output. - 1. Aldosterone
- antidiuretic hormone What are ions? - Ions are minerals that have an electrical charge and are called electrolytes.
- _____________ are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their bioavailability.
- Minerals needed in amounts > 100 mg per day are called major minerals while those needed in quantities < 100 mg daily are ____________ minerals.
- Would vitamins or minerals be more likely to be destroyed during the cooking process? - 1. vitamins and/or minerals
- trace
- Vitamins Name three factors that may negatively affect iron absorption - High fiber intake or Pica both adversely affects absorption. Zinc supplements can also interfere with iron absorption as well as other minerals. Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency. a. Iron b. Selenium c. Iodide d. Calcium
- ___ A particular type of heart disease
- ___ Osteoporosis
- ___ Congenital hypothyroidism in children
- ___ Anemia resulting from a low hematocrit and hemoglobin level - 1. selenium
- calcium
- iodide
- iron Determine the maximum heart rate and the target zone for a 55 year old.
- Maximum heart rate ________
- Target zone ________ to ________ beats/minute - 1. 165
- (220-55=165) (165x.6= 99) (220-55=165) (165x.9=149) The primary fuel used for a 100 meter sprint would be a. Fat b. Carbohydrates c. Protein
an hour after practice to improve her performance. What she doesn't realize is that by continuing her current eating patterns and exercise level she may actually be hurting her performance and her health. a. Female athlete triad b. Anorexia Nervosa c. Bulimia Nervosa d. Binge eating disorder - a. Female athlete triad Which eating disorder best describes this scenario? Caitlin is trying out for a school play and decides to lose a little weight. After impulsively eating, she goes to the bathroom to purge. a. Binge eating disorder b. Female athlete triad c. anorexia nervosa d. Bulimia nervosa - d. Bulimia nervosa Which eating disorder best describes the following scenario? Caitlin is trying out for a school play and decides to lose a little weight. Before long her friends start to make remarks about how good she looks. To speed up the process she begins to exercise several times a day. Before long she has lost 10 pounds but feels like she needs to lose more because every time she looks in the mirror all she can see are her fat thighs. a. Binge eating disorder b. Female athlete triad c. anorexia nervosa d. Bulimia nervosa - c. anorexia nervosa Which eating disorder best describes this scenario? Caitlin is going through a rough spot in her marriage and has no close friends to turn to for advice. Lately, she has found that cooking helps to relieve her stress. Last night she made brownies and ate most of the pan before her husband came home from work. Today she decided to make cookies to take to work but ended up eating most of the batter before she could bake them. The cookie dough just made her feel so good about herself. a. Anorexia Nervosa b. Bulimia Nervosa c. Binge Eating Disorder d. Night Eating Syndrome - c. Binge Eating Disorder Which of the following is not a characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa? a. Control of food leads to empowerment b. Food equals comfort c. Preoccupied with food
d. Denial of appetite - b. Food equals comfort Provide one example of the effects of anorexia on each of the following: hair, heart and blood - Hair- brittle or thin Heart- slow heart rate, low blood pressure or heart disease Blood- anemia Which of the following is not a characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa? a. Tooth erosion b. BMI < 17 c. Normal weight d. Gum disease - b. BMI < 17 Name the three components of the Female Athlete Triad. - The female athlete triad involves disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods and osteoporosis related to inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake.
- Undernutrition is the most common form of ____________ in developed as well as developing countries.
- Food insecurity is the inability to get enough food or the quality and variety of the food is inadequate to meet ____________ needs. - 1. malnutrition
- nutrient What are three strategies being used by the World Food Bank to counter undernutrition? - The World Food Bank is currently working to implement three approaches to counter undernutrition; increasing diversity of the food supply, fortifying food with nutrients and providing nutrient supplementation.
- The first stage of gestation, during which rapid cell division occurs is known as the ___________ stage.
- Development occurs from about week two through the ___________ week and is called the embryonic stage. The fetal stage occurs from week nine to the end of the pregnancy and is a period of growth.
- All pregnancies are divided into three equal time periods, known as trimesters, each lasting approximately 13-14 weeks. A baby born after the thirty seventh week of pregnancy is considered ___________ term. - 1. blastogenic
- eighth
- full What is Pica? - Pica an abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items.
The increased incidence of overweight/obese children and teens and poor dietary habits has resulted in all the following for this age group except: a. High blood pressure b. High Cholesterol levels c. Type 2 Diabetes d. Pica - d. Pica There are two main factors that are related to nutrient needs of adults and nutrition concerns that occur with aging. These factors are? - Physiological changes and psychosocial needs
- The rate at which we age is influenced by several factors including lifestyle, environment and ____________.
- Physical and ____(A)________ changes that are an expected part of aging such as increased fatty tissue, high blood pressure and declining bone and lean body mass is referred to as ____(B)________ aging. - 1.) heredity 2.) A. physiological B. usual Specify four reasons that an older adult would benefit from taking a multivitamin. - Physical limitations dental issues taste changes Social isolation depression lack of money or transportation Protein is considered both A. Micronutrients and Inorganic B. Macronutrients and Inorganic C. Micronutrients and Organic D. Macronutrients and Organic - D. Macronutrients and Organic Define inorganic - any substance that does not contain carbon True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Nutritional value and taste are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America. - False: Taste and texture are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America. Nutrition is the science that links foods to _____ and ______.
- weight; health
- nutritional value; disease
- weight; disease
- health; nutritional value
- health; disease - 5. health; disease Explain the difference between Internal and External drives that influence our desire to eat. - The internal drive is hunger and is associated with negative sensations like churning, growling and pain in the stomach. External drives have to do with appetite and are associated with positive food sensations and lead us to eat when we are not hungry. List 3 hormones associated with satiety. Explain how at least 1 works to decrease hunger. - Leptin -alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal. Serotonin - affects motility and communicates with the brain for satiety. Cholecystokinin (CCK) - slows down stomach emptying to give a feeling of fullness (also increases bile production and release from gallbladder). the hormone that alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center when consuming a meal. - Leptin the hormone that affects motility and communicates with the brain for satiety. - Serotonin The hormone that slows down stomach emptying to give a feeling of fullness (also increases bile production and release from the gallbladder). - Cholecystokinin (CCK) A _________ is a substance that can promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, or regulate a body process. - nutrient Which type of molecule is defined as a substance that does not contain carbon?
- Macronutrient
- Organic
- Inorganic
- Micronutrient - 3. Inorganic True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A vitamin is an inorganic micronutrient that regulates body processes. - FALSE: A vitamin is an organic micronutrient that regulates body processes. Which of the following is an inorganic macronutrient? Vitamins
What is the definition of an empty calorie food? List 1 example of an empty calorie food. - Foods that contain a lot of calories but have little to no nutritional value (lack vitamins and minerals) Examples: junk foods, soda, juice, fast food, etc. Compare and contrast (i.e. explain the similarities and differences) between undernutrition and overnutrition. Include the terms' definitions and how they influence health outcomes. - Undernutrition and overnutrition are both considered to be a state of malnutrition. Neither category is ideal and needs to be addressed and advised to get the individual to a desirable nutrition status. The difference between over and undernutrition is the total intake amount of nutrients and calories. If an individual falls into the undernutrition category they are not consuming enough nutrients to support a healthy body. These individuals become depleted and lethargic. If an individual falls into the overnutrition category they are overconsuming calories and nutrients. Which of the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment has to do with physical examination? Clinical Environmental Biochemical Anthropometric Dietary - Clinical True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the idea increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others. - FALSE: The MyPlate message of moderation has to do with the idea of increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others. OR The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the concepts of calories and portion size. According to the MyPlate concept of Start Simple and Make Every Bite Count, give 2 examples of foods to increase and 2 examples of foods to reduce in the diet. - 2 foods to increase include nutrient dense foods like fruits and vegetables. 2 foods to decrease in the diet include empty calorie foods like sodas and sweets.
According to MyPlate, _____ should make up 50% of the plate. Vegetables and Proteins Protein Grains Fruits and vegetables Grains and fruit - Fruits and vegetables What is a biochemical assessment? - The biochemical assessment involves measurement and examination of the nutrients or levels in someones blood, urine, and/or feces. You are grocery shopping and comparing salad dressings. One bottle of French Dressing is advertised as "fat free" and another as" reduced fat". Which type of claim would this advertising be? Nutrient claim Structure/function claim Preliminary health claim Health claim - Nutrient claim List at least 3 items that are typically presented on a food label. - Product name Name and address of the manufacturer Serving size Amount of product in the package Ingredient listed in descending order Nutrition facts (1) explain to the client the definition of "diet", and how it is different from how he thinks of it. (2) Explain the MyPlate principles that would allow him to consume foods he enjoys but have it not be detrimental to his health goals. - 1. A diet is not an all in restricting choice, a diet is simply meant to bring your attention to the foods, or lack there of, that you are consuming. A diet does not have to be limiting but instead helpful. A few small substitutions along with avoidance of over eating can make a world of difference and not make you feel depleted at the end of the week causing a nagging need for indulging.
- A few simple principles to implement when beginning to diet are moderation, variety, and balance. You can still eat the BBQ ribs or hamburger but make sure to eat them in moderation. When choosing to eat the "bad foods" try to add a side of fruit or vegetables as well to add a variety to your plate. Lastly, balance how many times a week you are eating "bad foods". Which of the following is NOT a cognitive external force that influences our eating:
stores bile produced by the liver to be released into the intestine to digest fats - Gallbladder releases digestive enzymes to chemically break down food - Pancreas True or False. If false explain why it is false. Intrinsic factor is the hormone responsible for controlling the concentration of acid in the stomach. - FALSE: Gastrin is the hormone responsible for controlling the concentration of acid in the stomach. OR Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed. Match the digestive disorder to its description or characteristics: Diarrhea Irritable bowel syndrome Peptic ulcer Heartburn Diverticulosis
- Gastric acid enters the esophagus damaging the epithelial lining
- Loose, watery and frequent stools
- Small pouches that push out through weak spots in the colon that can become inflamed
- Associated with bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, or constipation
- Sores that develop along the GI tract triggered by H. Pylori, NSAIDs, stress or smoking - 1. heartburn
- diarrhea
- diverticulosis
- IBS
- peptic ulcers List a dietary treatment for constipation. - Constipation is defined as hard infrequent stools commonly caused by a diet low in fiber. A dietary treatment would be to consume more foods that are high in fiber like fruits and vegtables. In the treatment plan, increasing the individuals intake of water would also be an important dietary treatment. List a treatment for ulcers/peptic ulcers. - Ulcers are painful sores that can develop in response to a variety of factors. A treatment would be to limit stress, eat smaller meals, limit or stop the use of NSAIDs, and to avoid foods that inflame symptoms. Some medications to ease symptoms may also be reccommended.
Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation? Glucagon helps to raise blood sugar levels Excess glucose is stored as glycogen The pancreas influences blood sugar regulation Low blood sugar is called hyperglycemia Glucagon and insulin are responsible for blood glucose control - Low blood sugar is called hyperglycemia Which of the following is the storage form of glucose? fructose glycogen disaccharides fiber monosaccharides - glycogen Match the sugar to its common source or characteristic: Galactose Fructose Sucrose Glucose
- Found in milk
- Example of a disaccharide
- The monosaccharide referred to as blood sugar
- An example of a monosaccharide - 1. galactose
- sucrose
- glucose
- fructose Compare and contrast insoluble, and soluble fiber. - Both fiber forms are complex carbohydrates that are necessary for intestinal health. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve water and is not broken down by intestinal bacteria. It functions to increase stool mass and speed passage through the large intestine. Soluble fiber dissolves in water, and is broken down by intestinal bacteria. It helps to slow glucose absorption and fat (thus, lowering cholesterol) and provides satiety to a meal. Which of the following does amylase digest? Lactose
