Political Environment, Slides of Management Theory

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Political Environment

Points Covered:

• Political Systems

• Political Institutions

Political Environment Defined

 The political environment is the state, government and its institutions and legislations who operate and interact with or influence that system.  Political Environment is a political system is basically the system of politics and government in a country. It governs a complete set of rules, regulations, institutions, and attitudes. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. Each political system’s philosophy impacts the policies that govern the local economy and business environment.  The political environment is the state, government and its institutions and legislations who operate and interact with or influence that system.  Political Environment is a political system is basically the system of politics and government in a country. It governs a complete set of rules, regulations, institutions, and attitudes. A main differentiator of political systems is each system’s philosophy on the rights of the individual and the group as well as the role of government. Each political system’s philosophy impacts the policies that govern the local economy and business environment.

The term 'Political Institutions' may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, responsible government, and accountability. Two basic political philosophies are in existence all over the world

Democracy refers to a political arrangement in which supreme power is vested in the people. Democracy may manifest itself in any of the two fundamental manners. The right to equality before the law, often phrased as ‘equal protection of the law’, is fundamental to any just and democratic society. Rich or poor, majority or minority, political ally of the State or its opponent—all are entitled to equal protection before the law. In a democratic State, no one is above the law. Democracy is for the people, by the people and of the people, said Abraham Lincoln. Democracy refers to a political arrangement in which supreme power is vested in the people. Democracy may manifest itself in any of the two fundamental manners. The right to equality before the law, often phrased as ‘equal protection of the law’, is fundamental to any just and democratic society. Rich or poor, majority or minority, political ally of the State or its opponent—all are entitled to equal protection before the law. In a democratic State, no one is above the law. Democracy is for the people, by the people and of the people, said Abraham Lincoln.

Political institutions are the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the population. In general, democratic political regimes are divided into two types: presidential ( headed by a president ) and parliamentary ( headed by a parliament ). Legislatures built to support the regimes are unicameral (only one house) or bicameral (two houses—for example, a senate and a house of representatives or a house of commons and a house of lords). Party systems can be two-party or multiparty and the parties can be strong or weak depending on their level of internal cohesion. The political institutions are those bodies—parties, legislatures, and heads of state—that make up the whole mechanism of modern governments. Parties, Trade Unions, and Courts In addition, political institutions include political party organizations, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term 'political Institutions' may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, a responsible government, and accountability. Political institutions are the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the population. In general, democratic political regimes are divided into two types: presidential ( headed by a president ) and parliamentary ( headed by a parliament ). Legislatures built to support the regimes are unicameral (only one house) or bicameral (two houses—for example, a senate and a house of representatives or a house of commons and a house of lords). Party systems can be two-party or multiparty and the parties can be strong or weak depending on their level of internal cohesion. The political institutions are those bodies—parties, legislatures, and heads of state—that make up the whole mechanism of modern governments. Parties, Trade Unions, and Courts In addition, political institutions include political party organizations, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term 'political Institutions' may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, a responsible government, and accountability.

Other types of Political Systems  The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law, economy, culture, and other social concepts.  The most popular political systems that we know of around the world can be reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are similar in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of:  Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.  Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and that has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch (ruler).  The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law, economy, culture, and other social concepts.  The most popular political systems that we know of around the world can be reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are similar in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of:  Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.  Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and that has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch (ruler).

Functions of a Political System In 1960 , Gabriel Abraham Almond and James Smoot Coleman gathered three core functions of a political system, which include:  To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.  To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems necessary for achieving collective (political) goals.  To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats. In modern-day society in the United States, for example, the main function of the two core political parties is seen as a way to represent interest groups and constituents and to create policies while minimizing choices. Overall, the idea is to make legislative processes easier for people to understand and engage with. In 1960 , Gabriel Abraham Almond and James Smoot Coleman gathered three core functions of a political system, which include:  To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.  To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems necessary for achieving collective (political) goals.  To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats. In modern-day society in the United States, for example, the main function of the two core political parties is seen as a way to represent interest groups and constituents and to create policies while minimizing choices. Overall, the idea is to make legislative processes easier for people to understand and engage with.

Political Institutions

• Legislature
• Executive or Government
• Judiciary
• Legislature
• Executive or Government
• Judiciary

Lok Sabha Parliament Rajya Sabha Parliament

Executive or Government  Referred to as Government  Responsible to implement the law  To shape, direct and control the business activities  Referred to as Government  Responsible to implement the law  To shape, direct and control the business activities President Vice-President Prime Minister

Supreme Court High CourtsHigh Courts District Courts