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PN2 Health Care & Treatment Midterm Exam
Questions with Answers.
What are Cataracts? - Answers-Occurs as the opacity of the lens becomes cloudy or turns a yellowish-brown color, distorting the light passing through the retina. Manifestations of Cataracts - Answers-Blurred vision inability to see in dim light seeing halos around lights vision loss. Cataracts Treatment - Answers-Clear artificial lens via surgery. 2 types of surgery: Phacoemulsification and Extracapsular surgery.
- Steroids, antibiotics, and eye drops are given post-op. What is Glaucoma? - Answers-Hypertension of the eye. Glaucoma Management & Treatment - Answers-Treated by lowering your eye pressure (intraocular pressure). Depending on the situation, options may include prescription eye drops (beta-blockers), oral medication, laser surgery, or Trabeculoplasty surgery. What is Open-Angle Glaucoma? - Answers-The drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris remains open, but the trabecular meshwork is partially blocked. Manifestations of Open-Angle Glaucoma - Answers-Patchy blind spots in your peripheral or central vision, frequently in both eyes. Tunnel vision. Open-Angle Glaucoma Treatment - Answers-Eye drops laser trabeculoplasty surgery What is Closed-Angle Glaucoma? - Answers-Occurs when the iris bulges forward to narrow or block the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris. Manifestations of Closed-Angle Glaucoma - Answers-Blurry/unfocused field of vision difficulty adjusting to dark rooms recurring mild pain around/in eyes recurrent headaches seeing colorful rings/halos around lights Closed-Angle Glaucoma Treatment - Answers-Considered to be a medical emergency. Laser peripheral iridotomy (creates small opening in iris allowing fluid to flow). Acetazolamide (reduces fluid in the eyes). Beta-blockers, pain relievers, and steroids.
Diagnosing Glaucoma - Answers-Measuring intraocular pressure (tonometry), testing for optic nerve damage with dilated eye exam and imaging tests. Checking for areas of vision loss (visual field test), measuring corneal thickness (pachymetry), and inspecting the drainage angle (gonioscopy). What is Retinal Detachment? - Answers-An emergency when part of the eye (the retina) pulls away from supportive tissue. Manifestations of Retinal Detachment - Answers-Blurred vision inability to see in dim light partial loss of vision seeing flashed of light seeing spots/floaters temporary loss of vision in one eye tunnel vision vision loss, or dilated pupils/redness. Retinal Detachment Treatment - Answers-Surgery!! Vitrectomy, replantation, cryosurgery, scleral buckle, and laser surgery What is Macular Degeneration? - Answers-Causes loss in the center of the field of vision. Dry=retina center deteriorates. Wet=blood vessels grow under. Manifestations of Macular Degeneration - Answers-Blurred vision, partial loss of vision, straight lines appear blurry/wavy, distorted vision, seeing spots, inability to see in dim light. Macular Degeneration Treatment - Answers-Stop smoking, take vitamins, laser surgery, corrective lens. Management of Dry Eyes - Answers-Artificial tears, tear duct plug, glasses, immunosuppressive drugs, light therapy, eyelid massage. What is Ototoxicity? - Answers-The property of being toxic to the ear. Medications that cause Ototoxicity - Answers-Aminoglycoside antibiotics,
Otitis Media Treatment - Answers-Monitor for changes of improvement. Medications - Analgesics, NSAIDs, penicillin, local anesthetic, and antibiotics. What is a Perforated Eardrum? - Answers-A hole in the tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear. Manifestations of a Perforated Eardrum - Answers-Sharp ear pain, dizziness/vertigo, drainage, hearing loss, pus, and tinnitus. Perforated Eardrum Treatment - Answers-Antibiotics and cauterization. What is the Weber test? - Answers-Vibrate a tuning fork, place it on the center of the patient's forehead, and ask if sound is heard equally in both ears. Equal=normal. Unequal=bad. What is the Rinne Test? - Answers-Place the base of the lightly vibrating tuning fork of the mastoid process. Ask the patient to note when the vibration is no longer felt. Quickly place the still vibrating tuning fork near the ear with the tine toward the ear. Ask patient to note when the sound is no longer heard. Hearing > feeling= normal. Feeling> hearing=bad. What is the Whisper Test? - Answers-Patient can repeat the same words that were whispered to them from 2 feet away. What is the Cochlear Test? - Answers-Patient closes eyes and indicates when they hear the ticking of a clock or rubbing of the examiner's fingers. 4-6 inches away=normal. What is Osteoarthritis? - Answers-Type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of the bones wears down. Manifestations of Osteoarthritis - Answers-Joint pain in the hands, neck, or lower back. Stiffness, crackles, swelling, and tenderness. Joint deformity/limping. Osteoarthritis Treatment - Answers-Exercise, weight loss, ice packs, menthol, NSAIDs, analgesics, dietary supplements, and narcotics. Hydrotherapy, acupuncture, stretching, arthroscopy, and joint replacement. What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? - Answers-A chronic inflammatory disease affecting many joints. (Hands and feet). Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis - Answers-Pain in the joints, back, or muscles. Joint stiffness, swelling, tenderness, or weakness. Fatigue, anemia, or malaise.
Skin lumps, redness, flare, dry mouth, physical deformities, and sensations of pins/needles. Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment - Answers-DMARDs, heating pad, NSAIDs, steroids, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressants, physical therapy, arthrocentesis, arthroplasty, and joint replacement. What is Gout? - Answers-A form of arthritis caused by excess uric acid in the bloodstream. Manifestations of Gout - Answers-Severe pain, redness, and swelling in the joints, often the big toe. Attacks come on suddenly, often at night. Gout Treatment - Answers-Exercise, wight loss, ice packs, analgesics, uric acid reducer, NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory, and steroids. What is an Arthroplasty? - Answers-Orthopedic surgical procedure where the articular surface of the musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled, or realigned by osteotomy or some other procedure. What is Systemic Lupus Erythematous? - Answers-Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematous - Answers-Fatigue, joint pain, rash, fever, hair loss, dry mouth, mouth ulcers, anxiety, blood in urine, clinical depression, face rash, flare, headaches, Raynaud's, sensitive to light, swelling, water retention, and/ or weight loss. Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematous - Answers-Immunosuppressive drugs, steroids, sunblock, sun protective clothing, and diet. Immunosuppressant Patient Education - Answers-Increased risk of infection. Avoid crowds and people who are ill. Wash hands frequently. Avoid spoiled food/ raw meat. What is Type 1 Diabetes? - Answers-the body's immune system destroys cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Juvenile onset. Manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes - Answers-Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, rapid onset, fatigue, and weight loss. Type 1 Diabetes Treatment - Answers-Insulin therapy, diet, and exercise.
Hyperglycemia Treatment - Answers-diabetic medications as ordered, diet, exercise, check BS frequently What are Allergies? - Answers-A damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, particular foods, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive. Manifestations of Allergies - Answers-Rhinorrhea (thin watery discharge from nose), nasal congestion/obstruction, nasal itchiness, sneezing, headaches, cough, chapped lips, dry mouth from mouth breathing, nasally voice, and constant cough from post nasal drip. How to avoid House Dust Mites? - Answers-Enclose mattress, box spring, and pillows in a dust proof encasings. Reduce humidity 50%, wash linens weekly. How to avoid Pollen? - Answers-Avoid fresh cut grass, keep windows and doors closed, central air, and shower after being outside. How to avoid Molds? - Answers-Clean damp areas frequently with bleach, ventilate areas well, and consider a dehumidifier. How to avoid Pets? - Answers-Remove pets from home if possible, keep pets out of bedroom with doors closed, and bathe cats once every two weeks to reduce allergen. How to avoid Irritants? - Answers-Avoid smoke, perfumes, sprays, strong cleaning products, and dusty/polluted environments. Allergy Medications - Answers-Antihistamine first generation: Benadryl- sedation, headache, dizziness, agitation, and urine retention. Antihistamine second generation: Zyrtec, Claritin, and Allegra- less sedation, headache, urine retention, dry mouth, and dyspepsia. Decongest: Pseudoephedrine- tachycardia, anxiety, dizziness, and drowsiness. Hypersensitivity Type 1 - Answers-Anaphylasix - Fast! Through contact, inhalation, ingestion, or injection of allergen. Allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies, release of histamines from cells, causing local or systemic reaction. Hypersensitivity Type 2 - Answers-Blood transfusions- cytotoxic reaction. Antibody is directed against an individuals own cells or foreign body can be life threatening. Hypersensitivity Type 3 - Answers-Pneumonitis, SLE, RA, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - immune complex reaction. Immune complexes are deposits into the tissue, causing local tissue damage, and inflammation.
Hypersensitivity Type 4 - Answers-Crohn's, transplant rejection, leprosy, and TB - delayed - cell mediated reaction. Most common skin reaction after exposure to an ointment or cream. What is Anaphylaxis? - Answers-Life threatening allergic reaction Manifestations of Anaphylaxis - Answers-Hypotension or shock from widespread vasodilation Respiratory distress from bronchospasm or laryngeal edema GI/uterine muscle contraxn Urticaria and Angioedema Anaphylaxis Treatment - Answers-Patent airway, recumbent position, elevate legs, keep patient warm, administer O2, slow deep breaths, administer Epi, Benadryl, and diphenhydramine. IV fluids to maintain BP and prevent death. Anaphylaxis Education - Answers-Epipen and Benadryl for short term use. Education on how to prevent future reactions, wear medical alert bracelet, and carry list of allergies. What is a Leukotriene Modifier? - Answers-Opens airways and blocks the cells that closed the airway. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists? - Answers-Montelukast & Zafirlukast Leukotriene synthesis inhibitors? - Answers-Zileuton What is Gastroparesis? - Answers-Condition in which the stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal fashion. Manifestations of Gastroparesis - Answers-Nausea, feeling full after little food eaten, bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting, regurgitation, heartburn, and belching. Gastroparesis Treatment - Answers-Diet modification, gut motility simulator, and antiemetic. What is HIV? - Answers-Ribonucleic acid virus- because it moves backwards going form RNA to DNA. Binds to CD4 specific cells. Early HIV Manifestations - Answers-Chills, fever, myalgia, malaise, sore throat, nausea, photophobia, maculopapular, rash, and headache Late HIV Manifestations - Answers-Chills, fever, night sweats, dry productive cough, dyspnea, lethargy, confusion, stiff neck, seizures, headache, fatigue, oral lesions, rash, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss.
