'-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality ... | Study notes Reasoning

-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality, Autonomous Morality, and Moral

Development

Heteronomous Morality: From 4 to 7 years of age, children think of Justice and Rules as

unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

Autonomous Morality: From about 10 years of age and older, children become aware that rules and

laws are created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the actor's intentions as well as

consequences.

Moral Development: Moral Development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

regarding standards of right and wrong.

-Why are Peer Relationships more influential for Moral Development? Piaget argued that, as children

develop, they become more sophisticated in thinking about social matters, especially about the

possibilities and conditions of cooperation. Piaget stressed that this social understanding comes about

through the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. In the peer group, where others have power and

status similar to the child's, plans are negotiated and coordinated, and disagreements are reasoned

about and eventually settled. Parent-Child Relationships, in which parents have the power and children

do not, are less likely to advance Moral Reasoning, because rules are often handed down in an

authoritarian way.

-Kohlberg's 3 Levels and 6 Stages of Moral Development: Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning

involving Stage 1 - Heteronomous Morality and Stage 2 - Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and

Exchange

Level 2: Conventional Reasoning involving Stage 3 - Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships,

and Interpersonal Conformity and Stage 4 - Social Systems Morality

Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning involving Stage 5 - Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights

and Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principles

Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning: At this level, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external

rewards and punishments.

Stage 1 - Heteronomous Morality: At this stage, Moral Thinking is tied to punishment. For example,

children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience.

Stage 2 - Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange: At this stage, individuals reason that

pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same. Thus, they think

that what is right involves an equal exchange. They reason that if they are nice to others, others will be

nice to them in return.

Level 2: Conventional Reasoning: At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they are

the standards set by others, such as parents or the government.

Partial preview of the text

Download '-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality ... and more Study notes Reasoning in PDF only on Docsity!

-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality, Autonomous Morality, and Moral Development Heteronomous Morality: From 4 to 7 years of age, children think of Justice and Rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. Autonomous Morality: From about 10 years of age and older, children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the actor's intentions as well as consequences. Moral Development: Moral Development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong. -Why are Peer Relationships more influential for Moral Development? Piaget argued that, as children develop, they become more sophisticated in thinking about social matters, especially about the possibilities and conditions of cooperation. Piaget stressed that this social understanding comes about through the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. In the peer group, where others have power and status similar to the child's, plans are negotiated and coordinated, and disagreements are reasoned about and eventually settled. Parent-Child Relationships, in which parents have the power and children do not, are less likely to advance Moral Reasoning, because rules are often handed down in an authoritarian way. -Kohlberg's 3 Levels and 6 Stages of Moral Development: Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning involving Stage 1 - Heteronomous Morality and Stage 2 - Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange Level 2: Conventional Reasoning involving Stage 3 - Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity and Stage 4 - Social Systems Morality Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning involving Stage 5 - Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights and Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principles Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning: At this level, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments. Stage 1 - Heteronomous Morality: At this stage, Moral Thinking is tied to punishment. For example, children think that they must obey because they fear punishment for disobedience. Stage 2 - Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange: At this stage, individuals reason that pursuing their own interests is the right thing to do, but they let others do the same. Thus, they think that what is right involves an equal exchange. They reason that if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return. Level 2: Conventional Reasoning: At this level, individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as parents or the government.

Stage 3 - Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity: At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of Moral Judgments. Children and adolescents often adopt their parents' Moral Standards at this stage, seeking to be thought of by their parents as a "good boy" or a "good girl." Stage 4 - Social Systems Morality: At this stage, Moral Judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are follow by its members. Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning: At this level, the individual recognizes alternative Moral Courses, explores the options, and then decides on a Personal Moral Code. Stage 5 - Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights: At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles reinforce the law. A person evaluates the effectiveness of actual laws, and social systems in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect Fundamental Human Rights and Values. Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principles: At this stage, the person has developed a Moral Standard based on Universal Human Rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons that conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk. -This stage of Kohlberg's Theory involves Understanding that Values and Laws are Relative and that Standards vary: Stage 4: Social Systems Morality. -This stage of Kohlberg's Theory involves Breaking Laws for Preserving Fundamental Human Rights (such as the right to food): Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles. Stage 6 is the highest stage in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. -Criticisms of Gilligan's Work: A meta-analysis casted doubt on Gilligan's claim of significant gender differences in Moral Judgment by concluding that girls' Moral Orientations are "somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principles of justice, but they can use both Moral Orientations, just like boys, when needed. -Criticisms of Kohlberg's Work: Developmentalists argued that alternative methods should be used to collect information about Moral Thinking instead of relying on a single method that requires individuals to reason about imaginary Moral Dilemmas. However, perhaps the most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's Theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who argues that Kohlberg's Theory reflects a gender bias. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's Theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concerns for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making Moral Decisions. In contrast to Kohlberg's Justice Perspective, Gilligan argues for a Care Perspective. Gilligan also believes that Kohlberg greatly underplayed the Care Perspective, perhaps because he was male, because most of his research was with males rather than females, and because he used male responses as a model for his theory. Justice Perspective: Kohlberg's Justice Perspective, which is a Moral Perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make Moral Decisions. It puts justice at the heart of Morality.

'-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality ..., Study notes of Reasoning

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download '-Piaget's Stages of Moral Development: Heteronomous Morality ... and more Study notes Reasoning in PDF only on Docsity!