Download Physiology and anatomy of liver and more Study notes Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Physiology and anatomy
Macroscopic structure
ligaments:
Microscopic structure
Dark/reddish brown in colour Vital organ Located in the right side of abdominal cavity , below the diaphragm excretory and metabolic organ largest internal organ and gland male - 1.4 to 1.6 kg female- 1.2 to 1.4 kg Have double blood supply Extremely resilent
Divided by fissures into two big lobes (right and left) and smaller lobes (quadrate and caudate) It is connected to the diaphragm and abdominal walls by five
- The membranous falciform (also separates the right and left lobes)
- Coronary
- Right triangular ligaments
- Left triangular ligaments
- The fibrous round ligament (derived from the embryonic umbilical vein).
Functional unit is hepatic lobule which is hexagonal in shape It consists mostly of hepatocytes which radiate out from central vein to the periphery between the rows of cells , there is sinusoids which provide oxygen rich blood from the artery and nutrients from the intestine Within the sinusoid , there are cells known as kupffer cells which recycles old red blood cells At corner of hepatic lobule is a portal triad which consists of hepatic artery ,hepatic vein and bile duct
Functional unit of liver
All small bile ducts from hepatocytes combine to form main bile duct of liver which in turn combines with cystic duct to form common bile duct Central vein recieves blood from hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery via sinusoids and drains the blood through the hepatic vein
Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the mass Surrounded be interlobular veins Interlobular arterial branches Bile ductus - series of bile ducts from common bile duct
- Bile canaliculi
- Canals of Herring
- Interlobular bile ducts
Function of liver
Metabolic functions
Carbohydrate metabolism: Gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol ) Glycogenolysis and glycogenesis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose/ formation of glycogen from glucose) Hormone metabolism Synthesis of fatty acids, lipoproteins, cholesterol Ketogenesis (form ketones from fats) Protein Metabolism Synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) Urea synthesis (ammonia to urea) Red blood cell production (In the first trimester of the fetus)
Liver enzymes
● Transaminases
● Cholestatic Enzymes
Liver function tests are blood tests that are used to evaluate various functions of the liver– for example, metabolism, storage, filtration and excretion, which are often performed by liver enzymes
Diseases
Production and secretion of coagulation factors
- fibrinogen I
- prothrombin II
- Factors (V, VII, IX, X, XI)
- protein C
- protein S
- antithrombin.
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT)
- alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT)
- alkaline phosphatase (AP)
- gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), caused mainly by various viruses but also by some poisons, autoimmunity, or hereditary conditions.
Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue in the liver, replacing dead liver cells. The death of the liver cells can for example be caused by viral hepatitis, alcoholism or contact with other liver-toxic chemicals.
Hemochromatosis, a hereditary disease causing the accumulation of iron in the body, eventually leading to liver damage.
Cancer of the liver (primary hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic cancers, usually from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract).
Wilson's disease, a hereditary disease which causes the body to retain copper. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, an inflammatory disease of the bile duct, autoimmune in nature.
Primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune disease of small bile ducts
Budd-Chiari syndrome, obstruction of the hepatic vein.
Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism, found in about 5% of the population
