Download Pathophysiology Final Exam: Questions and Answers and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PATHO FINAL REAL EXAM 310
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
BRAND NEW!!
"gallbladder stones - CORRECT ANSWER=> female, forties, fat, RUQ pain and tenderness" "fluid and electrolyte balance - CORRECT ANSWER=> priority in diarrhea is maintaining" "pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of the pancreas" "peritonitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of the peritoneum rigid, painful abdomen, nausea & vomitting,shallow breath" "4g - CORRECT ANSWER=> the limit for tylenol is ____________ in 24 hours" "Tylenol - CORRECT ANSWER=> main cause of toxic hepatits" "Liver disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Bleeding disorder -Hep A/B/C, liver cancer, cirrhosis → decrease clotting factor production" "Folate deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> cause of neurotube defects, neurotube is what develops into the spine" "Seizures - CORRECT ANSWER=> priority is to protect the person from injury, turn to the side NEVER put anything in their mouth, there is a risk of hypoxia (they can stop breathing)" "BBB and CSF - CORRECT ANSWER=> purpose is to maintain a stable environment"
"IICP - CORRECT ANSWER=> increased intracranial pressure, signs include hypertension, bradycardia, bradypnea" "Decerebrate posturing - CORRECT ANSWER=> due to severe brainstem injury & they extend extremities" "Opisthotonus posturing - CORRECT ANSWER=> happens with meningeal irritation ,The back is rigid and arching, and the head is thrown backward." "CVA - CORRECT ANSWER=> cerebrovascular accident" "MS - CORRECT ANSWER=> myelin sheath breakdown, decreased motor sensory speed & difficulty" "Parkinson's disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis cannot cure just treat and lessen symptoms" "myostenia gravis - CORRECT ANSWER=> priority is the respiratory system , lose control of muscular function" "Brain metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER=> needs glucose for metabolic function, brain cannot produce or store glucose" "cerebral edema - CORRECT ANSWER=> vasogenic cerebral edema, swelling, because the blood brain barrier has been disrupted" "levels of consciousness (LOC) - CORRECT ANSWER=> obtunded , stupor and coma" "obtunded, stupor and coma - CORRECT ANSWER=> levels of conciousness" "Global Brain Injury - CORRECT ANSWER=> brain injury causes changes that differ from focal brain injury; alterations in sensory, motor, cognitive function MAIN SIGN IS ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS" "Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Growth hormone
"cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER=> a glucocorticoid, maintains blood glucose levels (increases them) by antagonizing the effects of insulin. It also suppresses hematopoiesis, protein and collagen synthesis and immune responses (decreases white blood count" "cushing syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER=> a disorder as a result of excess cortisol" "cortisol replacement - CORRECT ANSWER=> is started when ACTH deficiency is present; thyroid replacement when TSH deficiency is detected; and sex hormone replacement when LH and FSH are deficient" "cerebral cortex - CORRECT ANSWER=> contains the highest level of functions, including thinking and reasoning" "tentroium - CORRECT ANSWER=> a fold of the dura that acts as a "hammock" or sling for the cortex" "Ipsilateral - CORRECT ANSWER=> occurring on the same side as the injury" "vasogenic edema - CORRECT ANSWER=> cerebral edema that is excess fluid interstitial space" "hydrocephalus - CORRECT ANSWER=> an excess of cerebrospinal fluid" "0-15 - CORRECT ANSWER=> intracranial pressure" "Embolic CVA - CORRECT ANSWER=> persons with arrythmias such as atrial fibrillation are at risk for this" "coup contracoup - CORRECT ANSWER=> describes 2 sites of injury (in a closed head injury)" "tonic clonic - CORRECT ANSWER=> muscle rigidity followed by contraction/relaxation of major muscle groups" "Hydrocortisone - CORRECT ANSWER=> treatment of addisons" "Glucocorticoids - CORRECT ANSWER=> After exposure to poison ivy, the client has hives on his trunk and extremities. In an effort to decrease his immune response the practitioner places him on which of the following medications?"
"reduced ventricular efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse knows that the basic pathophysiology of heart failure is best described as which of the following?" "decreased cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse knows that in heart failure, the increase in renal secretion of renin is caused by which of the following?" "ANP and BNP - CORRECT ANSWER=> Inhibit of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system" "ADH - CORRECT ANSWER=> antidiuretic hormone" "ADH - CORRECT ANSWER=> regulates the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine" "Increased ADH, bp, hr - CORRECT ANSWER=> stress response" "lungs - CORRECT ANSWER=> Carbon dioxide (CO2) is regulated by" "kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER=> HCO3 and H+ are regulated by" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which of the following systems? a-Central nervous system b-Somatic nervous system c-Autonomic nervous system d-Thoracolumbar nervouse system" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is aware that some drugs may be prevented from entering the brain as a function of: a-The blood-brain barrier b-Detoxification by the liver c-Elimination by the kidneys d-Rapid absorption in the gastric mucosa" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> Nutrition students are studying the nervous system, which has a high rate of metabolism. Which of the following is its major fuel source? a-Glucose
"Normal HCO3 - CORRECT ANSWER=> 22-26" "normal p02 - CORRECT ANSWER=> 80-100" "manifestations of liver failure - CORRECT ANSWER=> Sweet, musty breath. Multiple bruising noted on body." "gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Cells are replaced in response to chronic irritation in pateints with" "thyroid - CORRECT ANSWER=> __________hormone enhances gastrointestinal function" "Crohn's disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, treated with corticosteroids" "ulcerative colitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> Which one of the following meninges provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord? a-Dura mater b-Pia mater c- Arachnoid membrane d-Tentorium cerebelli" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury? a-Altered level of consciousness b-Change in behavior c-Respiratory instability d-Loss of eye movement reflexes" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client is brought to the emergency department and is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT scan. The most important treatment for this client would be to:
a- Administer analgesics for the relief of pain b-Administer IV tissue-type plasmin activator (tPA) c-Monitor vital signs closely for improvement d- Prepare the client for emergency surgery" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes. The client is most likely experiencing: a- Cardiogenic embolic stroke b-Transient ischemic attack c-(TIA) Thrombotic stroke d-Lacunar infarct" "d - CORRECT ANSWER=> In patients with acute diarrhea, many require no treatment. However, the nurse knows the priority assessment in all patients with diarrhea is which of the following? a-Skin integrity b-Dietary intake c-Stool specimen d-Fluid and electrolyte status" "intussusception - CORRECT ANSWER=> telescoping of the intestines" "appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammation of the appendix" "liver and kidney failure, bleeding esophageal varices - CORRECT ANSWER=> When caring for clients with alcoholism and cirrhosis, which of these does the nurse recognize are potential complications of the disease" "liver - CORRECT ANSWER=> clotting factors are synthesized in the" "causes of jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER=> Excessive destruction of red blood cells Impaired uptake of bilirubin by the liver cells Decreased conjugation of bilirubin Obstruction of bile flow" "iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> anemia caused by inadequate iron intake"
b- Decreased absorption of ingested foods and fluids. c-Protrusion of the stomach or regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus. d- Inappropriate release of gastric enzymes." "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors? a- Tumor infiltration and increased blood pressure b- Brain compression and decreased ICP c-Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow d-Tumor infiltration and decreased ICP" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> Crohn's disease is treated by several measures. Treatment with corticosteroids focuses on which of the following? a- Immune suppression b-Inflammatory suppression c-Increased appetite d-Decreased bleeding tendency" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is caring for a client with a brain tumor when the client begins to vomit. Which intervention should the nurse do first? a-Assess for other signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure b-Assess for signs/symptoms of cerebral vascular accident c-Contact physician for anti-nausea medication orders d-Document the finding as it is an expected symptom" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> Peptic ulcers can affect one or all layers of the stomach or duodenum. Ulcers that penetrate through the muscularis layer are classified as which of the following types of ulcer? a-Perforation b-Edema c-Radiation d-Contraction" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is caring for a 31-year-old trauma victim admitted to the neurologic intensive care unit. While doing the initial assessment, the nurse finds that the client
is flexing the arms, wrists, and fingers. There is adduction of the upper extremities with internal rotation and plantar flexion of the lower extremities. How would the nurse describe this in the notes? a- Decerebrate posturing b-Decorticate posturing c-Extensor posturing d-Diencephalon posturing" "d - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is reviewing the medical history of four clients. The nurse determines that the client at greatest risk for developing peptic ulcer disease is: a- A client diagnosed with arthritis who takes acetaminophen (Tylenol) twice per day b-A client who has a history of a ruptured appendix c-A client who overeats excessive amounts of fatty foods d-A client with a prior diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori and refused treatment" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> Which symptom is often observed in cases of peritonitis? a- Bradycardia b- Abdominal rigidity c-Decreased white blood cell count d-Deep, rhythmic breathing" "Decorticate posturing - CORRECT ANSWER=> characterized by upper extremities flexed at the elbows and held closely to the body and lower extremities that are externally rotated and extended. occurs when the brainstem is not inhibited by the motor function of the cerebral cortex." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is caring for a female client with cholelithiasis. When teaching the client about the disease, the nurse includes which of these points? a-"You have an inflammation of your gallbladder caused by an autoimmune process." b-"Gallstones have developed, which are typically composed of cholesterol." c-"You are unable to store bile in your gallbladder, which inhibits digestion of the foods you eat." d-"Stones in the gallbladder are most common in men. Your case is unusual.""
"a - CORRECT ANSWER=> A 29 year-old female has been admitted to the emergency department following a suicide attempt by overdose of acetaminophen. What physiologic changes in the client's liver causing which of these altered diagnostic results does the nurse anticipate? a-Hepatocellular necrosis evidenced by increased ALT and AST levels. b-Allergic inflammation accompanied by an increase in serum IgE and basophils. c-Cholestatic reaction with increased bilirubin count d-Rapid onset of hepatitis and increased GGT, ALT and bilirubin" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is reviewing lab results of a client who has liver failure. The nurse determines that the client is at an increased risk for bleeding when the results include: a- Increased levels of vitamin K b-Increased prothrombin time c-Decreased number of red blood cells d-Increased platelet count" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The client in the GI clinic tells the nurse she is concerned she has something wrong with her gallbladder like what her friend with gallstones and inflammation had. Which of these complaints does the nurse recognize that supports the client's concern? a-Abrupt onset of right lower quadrant pain and chills b-Intolerance to greasy food; burping c-Fluid retention and edema of the hands and feet d-Craving for carbohydrates" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> A 51 year-old male has been diagnosed with alcohol-induced liver disease. He admits to the nurse he does not understand what the liver does in the body. Which of these statements best explains the liver's function? a-The liver is responsible for the absorption of most dietary nutrients as well as the production of growth hormones. T b-he liver contributes to the metabolism of ingested food and provides the fluids that the GI tract requires. c-The liver metabolizes most components of food and also cleans the blood of bacteria and drugs. s-The liver maintains a balanced level of electrolytes and pH in the body and stores glucose, minerals and vitamins."
"a - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client tells the nurse that he is concerned about developing hepatitis after being exposed to contaminated feces, saliva, and food. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for: a-Hepatitis A b-Hepatitis B c-Hepatitis C d-Hepatitis D" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The most common cause of ischemic stroke is: a- arterial vasculitis. b- thrombosis c- vasospasms d- cryptogenesis" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with a seizure disorder about medications. The most important information for the nurse to provide would be: a- All antiepileptic medications should be taken with food. b- Children can build up a tolerance to the medication quickly. c-Antiepileptic medications should never be discontinued abruptly d-Pregnant women should reduce the dose of medication they are taking." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> A 26 year-old female is resting after a one-minute episode during which she lost consciousness while her muscles contracted and extremities extended. This was followed by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of her extremities. On regaining consciousness, she found herself to have been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely experienced? a-A myoclonic seizure b-A tonic-clonic seizure. c-An absence seizure d-A complex partial seizure." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The MRA scan of a client with a suspected stroke reports ruptured berry aneurysm. The nurse plans care for a client with which of the following? a- Encephalitis
b-Very lipid soluble and rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier. c-Able to reverse the transport of some substances to remove them from the brain. d-Very likely to cause sedation and therefore the patient just needs to sleep it off." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is providing client education to a client newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The nurse most accurately describes the disease progression: a-Parkinson's is an acute disorder that can be surgically corrected. b-Parkinson's is a chronic condition and treatment aims to manage symptoms. c-Parkinson's has no known effective treatment. d-Parkinson's disease, while chronic, will likely improve over time." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client has just begun to experience an ischemic stroke. The blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is being blocked by a large blood clot. How long before brain cells begin to die due to lack of ATP? a-10 seconds b-4 to 6 minutes c- 20 minutes d-30 to 40 minutes" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client affected by postural hypotension will likely display what symptoms? a- Flushing of skin with repositioning b-Inability to sit upright due to muscle weakness c- Dizziness and pallor when moved to upright position d-Sudden pain with movement to sitting position" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> A nurse caring for a patient in myasthenic crisis identifies a priority concern as:
a-ongoing physical therapy to maintain strength. b-maintenance of airway and respiration. c-monitoring for difficulty chewing. d-monitoring for ptosis." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> Bradykinesia occurring in Parkinson's disease places the Parkinson's client most at risk for which of the following? a-Weight loss b-Falls and injury c-Emotional dysfunction d-Incontinence" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client diagnosed with Parkinson disease is displaying the following manifestations: tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement. The nurse would interpret these as: a-Normal manifestations of Parkinson disease b-Signs of clinical deterioration c-Signs of clinical improvement d-Manifestations of another disease process" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> In myasthenia gravis, periods of stress can produce myasthenic crisis. When does myasthenic crisis occur?
d-The client takes corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis." "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The family of an older adult reports increasing inability to perform basic activities of daily living. After evaluation, the client is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What intervention will be implemented to slow cognitive decline? a-Psychotherapy b-Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors c-Lipid-lowering agents d-Antioxidant therapy" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client has developed global ischemia of the brain. The nurse determines this is: a-Inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of the entire brain b-Inadequate perfusion of the nondominant side of the brain c-Inadequate perfusion of the right side of the brain d-Inadequate perfusion to the dominant side of the brain" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The emergency room doctor suspects a client may have bacterial meningitis. The most important diagnostic test to perform would be: a- Blood cultures b- Lumbar puncture c-CT of the head d-Sputum culture" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse taking a report on a client coming into the emergency room plans care for a client with brain dysfunction based on which of the following symptoms? a-Stupor b-Pupils that react to light c-Wheezing d-Chest pain" "b - CORRECT ANSWER=> The parent of an infant who developed hydrocephalus while in utero is very concerned that the child will have significant intellectual dysfunction. The best response to the parent would be which of the following?
a- "Infants never have symptoms from hydrocephalus." b- "Because the skull sutures are not fused there may be no brain damage." c-"Unfortunately, there usually is significant brain dysfunction." d-"The cranial sutures are fused and decrease brain damage."" "a - CORRECT ANSWER=> The health care provider is concerned that a client may be at risk for problems with cerebral blood flow. The most important data to assess would be: a-Decreased level of oxygen b-Decreased level of PCO c-Decreased level of carbon dioxide d-Decreased hydrogen ions" "c - CORRECT ANSWER=> The parents of an infant born with hydrocephalus are concerned about the size of the baby's head. The doctors are telling them that the infant needs the surgical placement of a shunt. The nurse caring for the infant in the neonatal intensive care unit explains that placement of a shunt will do which of the following? a- Not affect the size of the infant's head b-Reverse any neurological deficits that are present c- Decrease the likelihood of further neurological deficits d-Increase intracranial pressure" "a-d - CORRECT ANSWER=> A client has been admitted with hepatocellular jaundice as a result of taking medications. From the following list of medications in the client's home, the nurse knows which medications may place the client at high risk for developing hepatocellular jaundice? Select all that apply. a-Oral contraceptives for birth control b-Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for joint pain c-Anabolic steroids illegally taken for body building d-Isoniazid for tuberculosis e-Ciprofloxacin for recurrent sinus infection." "a,b,d,e - CORRECT ANSWER=> The nurse is caring for a client with severe acute pancreatitis. Which interventions should the nurse prioritize? Select all that apply.
