ORTHODONTICS- GENERAL AND EXTRA ORAL EXAMINATION, Study notes of Orthodontics

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GENERAL AND EXTRA ORAL EXAMINATION

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. GENERAL EXAMINATION

 HEIGHT

 POSTURE

 GENERAL BODY BUILD

3. EXTRA ORAL EXAMINATION

 SHAPE OF HEAD

 BODY

 ASSESSMENT OF FACIAL SYMMETRY

 FACIAL PROFILE

 FACIAL DIVERGENCE

 ASSESSMENT OF ANTERO - POSTERIOR JAW RELATIONSHIP

 ASSESSMENT OF VERTICAL SKELETAL RELATIONSHIP

 EVALUATION OF FACIAL PROPORTIONS

 EXAMINATION OF LIPS

 EXAMINATION OF THE NOSE

 EXAMINATION OF CHIN

3.Posture

Posture refers to the way a person stands. Abnormal postures can predispose to malocclusion due to alteration in maxillo- mandibular relationship. Types of posture

Body Build (physique)

It is possible to classify the physique into one of the following three types: a. Aesthetic b. Plethoric : c. Athletic :

a. Aesthetic b. Plethoric :c. Athletic :

4.General body build

Sheldon has classified the general body build into three types : a. Ectomorphic : Tall and thin physique

6.Facial form

A simple way of describing the face is to classify it as either round, oval or square. A more scientific classification is to classify face into the following three types:

Assessment of facial symmetry

The patient's facial symmetry is examined to determine disproportions of the face in transverse and vertical planes. In most people the right and left sides are not identical. Thus some degree of asymmetry is considered normal. Asymmetries that are gross and are detected easily should be recorded

8. Facial profile

The facial profile is examined by viewing the patient from the side. The facial profile helps in diagnosing gross deviations in the maxillo- mandibular relationship. The profile is assessed by joining the following two reference lines :

1. A line joining the forehead and the soft tissue point A (deepest point in curvature of upper lip).
2. A line joining point A and the soft tissue pogonion (most anterior point of the chin). Based on the relationship between these two lines, three types of profiles exist.

Normally, the distance from a point between the eyebrows to the junction of the nose with upper lip will be equal to the distance from the latter point to the under side of the chin. A markedly reduced lower facial height is associated with deep bites while increased lower facial height is associated with anterior open bites.  The vertical skeletal relationship can also be assessed by studying the angle formed between the lower border of the mandible and the Frankfort horizontal plane (a line between the most superior point of external auditory meatus and inferior border of orbit)  Normally the two planes intersect at the occipital region.  In case the two planes meet beyond the occipital region, it indicates a low angle case or a horizontal growing face.  If the two planes meet anterior to the occipital region it indicates a high angle case or a vertical growing face

12.Evaluation of facial proportions

A well proportioned face can be divided into three equal vertical thirds using four horizontal planes at the level of the hair line, the supraorbital n'dge, the base of the nose and the inferior border of chin.

13.Examination of Lips

Normally the upper lip covers the entire labial surface of upper anterior except the incisal 2- mm. The lower lip covers the entire labial surface of the lower anterior and 2 - 3 mm of the incisal edge of the upper anterior. Lips can be classified into the following four types :

15. Examination of chin

REFERENCE

TEXTBOOK OF ORTHONTICS- S.I BHALAJI