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Nursing Fundamentals Exam 1: Health, Illness, Wellness, and Cultural Diversity, Exams of Nursing

Liverpool Hope UniversityNursing

A comprehensive overview of fundamental nursing concepts, including definitions of health, illness, and wellness, stages of illness behavior, and factors influencing health disparities. It explores maslow's hierarchy of needs and its application to patient care, emphasizing the importance of meeting basic human needs. The document also delves into family structures and functions, cultural diversity, and cultural sensitivity in nursing practice. It includes multiple-choice questions and answers, providing a valuable resource for nursing students preparing for exams.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/05/2025

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Nursing Fundamentals Correct Answer(s)
Exam 1
1. Health Correct Answer(s) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2. Illness Correct Answer(s) the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
3. Wellness Correct Answer(s) an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle
promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
4. Acute Illness Correct Answer(s) Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts
only a relatively short time
5. Acute Illness Example Correct
Answer(s) appendicits pneumonia
diarrhea
common cold
6. Chronic Illness Correct Answer(s) - broad term that encompasses many
different physical and mental alterations in health
-slow onset
-may have periods of remission and exacerbation
-is a permanent change.
-it causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology
-requires special patient education for rehabilitation.
-requires a long period of care or support
7. Chronic Illness Examples Correct Answer(s)
diabetes mellitus lung disease
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Nursing Fundamentals Correct Answer(s)

Exam 1

  1. Health Correct Answer(s) a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
  2. Illness Correct Answer(s) the unique response of a person to a disease; an abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
  3. Wellness Correct Answer(s) an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
  4. Acute Illness Correct Answer(s) Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time
  5. Acute Illness Example Correct Answer(s) appendicits pneumonia diarrhea common cold
  6. Chronic Illness Correct Answer(s) - broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health
  • slow onset
  • may have periods of remission and exacerbation
  • is a permanent change.
  • it causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology
  • requires special patient education for rehabilitation.
  • requires a long period of care or support
  1. Chronic Illness Examples Correct Answer(s) diabetes mellitus lung disease

arthritis lupus

  1. Stages of Illness Behavior Correct Answer(s) Stage 1 Correct Answer(s) Experiencing symptoms Stage 2 Correct Answer(s) Assuming the sick role Stage 3 Correct Answer(s) Assuming a dependent role Stage 4 Correct Answer(s) Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
  2. in stage 2 of illness behavior Correct Answer(s) assuming the sick role. Correct Answer(s) A person who defines oneself as sick and self-medicates or visits a doctor is said to be
  3. Health Disparity Correct Answer(s) particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
  • disparities in health outcomes are especially common in racial and ethnic minori- ties, in whom higher rates of obesity, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and AIDS are seen
  1. Factors Influencing Health Disparities Correct Answer(s) Racial and ethnic groups Poverty Gender; age Mental health Educational level
  • using proper hand hygiene to prevent infection
  • using electrical equipment properly
  • administering medications knowledgeably
  1. Love & Belonging Needs Correct Answer(s) - 3rd priority needs, often called higher-level needs
  • understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love
  • feeling of belonging to groups such as families, peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community.
  • unmet needs produce loneliness and isolation Example of interventions to meet these needs Correct Answer(s)
  • including family and friends in care of a patient
  • establishing a trusting nurse-patient relationship
  1. Self-Esteem Needs Correct Answer(s) - need for a person to feel good about oneself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment, and to believe that others also respect and

appreciate those accomplishments

  • positive self-esteem facilitates the person's confidence and independence Factors affecting self-esteem Correct Answer(s)
  • role changes
  • body image changes
  1. Self-Actualization Needs Correct Answer(s) - acceptance of self and others as they are
  • focus of interest on problems outside oneself
  • ability to be objective
  • feelings of happiness and affection for others
  • respect for all people
  • ability to discriminate between good and evil
  • creativity as a guideline for solving problems and pursuing interests
  1. Which patient need has the highest priority? A patient who needs to ambulate to prevent DVT A patient who is in isolation and feels lonely A patient who recently lost her husband An elderly patient who is at risk for falls Correct Answer(s) Answer Correct Answer(s) A. A patient who needs to ambulate to prevent DVT Rationale Correct Answer(s) Preventing DVT is a physiologic need and is the highest priority need. A patient in isolation might have unmet love and belonging needs (3rd in priority). A patient who lost a spouse might have unmet self-esteem needs (4th in priority). A patient who is at risk for falls might have unmet safety and security needs (2nd in priority).

B. Economic C. Reproductive D. Affective and coping E. Socialization Correct Answer(s) Answer Correct Answer(s) D. Affective and coping Rationale Correct Answer(s) The affective and coping function of a family provides emotional comfort to family members.The physical function provides a safe, comfortable environment. Economically, the family provides financial aid to members. The reproductive func- tion pertains to raising children and socialization involves transmitting beliefs, values, attitudes, and coping mechanisms, as well as guiding problem solving.

  1. Risk Factors for Altered Family Health Correct Answer(s) Lifestyle risk factors Psychosocial risk factors Environmental risk factors Developmental risk factors Biologic risks
  2. Cultural Diversity Correct Answer(s) Varying cultures Racial and ethnic origin Religion Physical size, age, and gender Sexual orientation Disability Socioeconomic and occupational status Geographical location
  1. Culture Correct Answer(s) - shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations
  • provides social structure for daily living
  • defines roles and interactions with others and in families and communities
  • apparent in the attitudes and institutions unique to the culture
  1. Tell whether the following statement is true or false. Culture includes the beliefs, habits, likes and dislikes, and customs and rituals learned from one's family. A. True B. False Correct Answer(s) Answer Correct Answer(s) A. True. Rationale Correct Answer(s) Culture is defined as a shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provides social structure for daily living. It includes the beliefs, habits, likes and dislikes, and customs and rituals learned from one's family.
  2. Subculture Correct Answer(s) - large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group
  • members have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics not common to the larger culture.
  • largely develops through day-to-day life with family and friends within the commu- nity.
  1. Race Correct Answer(s) - typically based on specific characteristics
  • skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features, hair texture Five major categories Correct Answer(s) American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White
  1. Stereotyping Correct Answer(s) - assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike
  • positive or negative
  • negative includes racism, ageism, and sexism
  1. Cultural Imposition Correct Answer(s) Belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system
  2. Cultural Blindness Correct Answer(s) Ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not exist
  3. Culture Conflict Correct Answer(s) - people become aware of differences and feel threatened Response—ridiculing beliefs and traditions of others to make themselves feel more secure
  4. Ethnocentrism Correct Answer(s) Belief that one's ideas, beliefs, and practice are the best or superior, or are most preferred to those of others
  5. Which term describes what occurs when a nurse believes that one's own ideas, beliefs, and practices are the best or superior to those of colleagues and patients? A. Cultural diversity B. Culture shock C. Stereotyping D. Ethnocentrism Correct Answer(s) D. Ethnocentrism
  6. Cultural Influences on Health Care Correct Answer(s) Physiologic variations Reactions to pain Mental health Gender roles Language and communication Orientation to space and time Food and nutrition Family support Socioeconomic factors

B. False Correct Answer(s) Answer Correct Answer(s) A. True. Rationale Correct Answer(s) The health care system is a culture of its own, with nursing being its largest subculture.

  1. Elements of Cultural Competence Correct Answer(s) - developing self- awareness
  • demonstrating knowledge and understanding of a patient's culture
  • accepting and respecting cultural differences
  • not assuming that the health care provider's beliefs and values are the same as the client's
  • resisting judgmental attitudes such as "different is not as good"
  • being open to and comfortable with cultural encounters
  • accepting responsibility for one's own cultural competency
  1. Guidelines for Providing Culturally Competent Nursing Care Correct Answer(s) - develop cultural self-awareness
  • develop cultural knowledge
  • accommodate cultural practices in health care
  • respect culturally based family roles
  • avoid mandating change
  • seek cultural assistance
  1. Components of Infection Cycle Correct Answer(s) Infectious agent Correct Answer(s) bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites Reservoir Correct Answer(s) natural habitat of the organism Portal of exit Correct Answer(s) point of escape for the organism Means of transmission Correct Answer(s) direct contact, indirect contact, airborne

route, droplets through air Portal of entry Correct Answer(s) point at which organisms enter a new host (mucus membranes, openings/cuts in skin, nose, mouth) Susceptible host Correct Answer(s) must overcome resistance mounted by host's defenses

  1. Nosicomial / HAI Correct Answer(s) Correct Answer(s) picking up an infection in the hospital
  2. Stages of Infection Correct Answer(s) - Incubation period Correct Answer(s) organisms growing and multiplying
  • Prodromal stage Correct Answer(s) person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease
  • Full stage of illness Correct Answer(s) presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
  • Convalescent period Correct Answer(s) recovery from the infection
  1. Outcome Identification and Planning/Infection Control Correct Answer(s) - demonstrate effec- tive hand hygiene and good personal hygiene practices.
  • identify the signs of an infection.
  • maintain adequate nutritional intake.
  • demonstrate proper disposal of soiled articles.
  • use appropriate cleansing and disinfecting techniques.
  • demonstrate an awareness of the necessity of proper immunizations.

Sensation Vascularity Evidence of lesions (if bedridden)

  1. Guidelines for Assessing the Skin Correct Answer(s) - head-to-toe sequence
  • good source of light, preferably daylight
  • compare bilateral parts for symmetry
  • use standard terminology to report and record findings
  • allow data obtained to direct skin assessment
  • identify variables known to causes skin problems
  1. Assessment of Oral Cavity Correct Answer(s) Lips Buccal mucosa Color and surface of gums Teeth Tongue

Hard and soft palates Oropharynx

  1. Administering Oral Hygiene Correct Answer(s) Moistening the mouth Cleaning the mouth Caring for dentures Toothbrushing and flossing Using mouthwashes
  2. Care of Eyes Correct Answer(s) - clean from inner to outer canthus with wet, warm cloth, cotton ball, or compress
  • use artificial tear solution or normal saline every 4 hours if blink reflex is absent
  • care for eyeglasses, contact lens, or artificial eye if indicated
  1. Ear & Nose Care Correct Answer(s) - wash external ear with washcloth-covered finger; do not use cotton-tipped swabs
  • perform hearing aid teaching and care if indicated
  • clean nose by having patient blow it if both nares are patent
  • remove crusted secretions around nose by applying warm, moist compress.
  1. Hair Care Correct Answer(s) - identify patient's usual hair and scalp care practices and styling preferences
  • note any history of hair or scalp problems such as dandruff, hair loss, or baldness
  • treat any infestations, such as pediculosis and ticks
  • groom and shampoo hair
  • care for beards and mustaches
  • assist with unwanted hair removal
  1. Nail & Foot Care Correct Answer(s) - assess nails for color and shape, intactness and cleanness, and tenderness.
  • call light is functioning and always within reach
  • side rails are raised if indicated
  • wheels are locked
  1. Purposes of Bathing Correct Answer(s) Cleanses the skin Acts as a skin conditioner Helps to relax a person Promotes circulation Serves as musculoskeletal exercise Stimulates the rate and depth of respirations Promotes comfort through muscle relaxation and skin stimulation Provides person with sensory input Helps improve self-image Strengthens nurse-patient relationship
  2. Providing a Bed Bath Correct Answer(s) Provide articles for bathing on overbed table or bedside stand. Provide privacy for patient. Remove top linens and replace with bath blanket. Place cosmetics in convenient place. Assist patients who cannot bathe themselves completely.
  3. Urinary Specimens Correct Answer(s) - routine urinalysis
  • clean catch or midstream specimens
  • sterile specimens from indwelling catheter
  • urine specimen from a urinary diversion
  • 24 hour urine specimen
  • specimens from infants and children
  1. Variables Influencing Bowel Elimination Correct Answer(s) - developmental considerations
  • daily patterns
  • food and fluid
  • activity and muscle tone Correct Answer(s) sphnicter muscle
  • lifestyle
  • psychological variables
  • pathologic conditions Correct Answer(s) diverticulitis, chrons diseases
  • medications
  1. Foods Affecting Bowel Elimination Correct Answer(s) Constipating Foods Correct Answer(s) cheese, lean meat, eggs, pasta Foods w/Laxative Effect Correct Answer(s) fruits, vegetables, bran, chocolate, alcohol, coffee Gas-producing Foods Correct Answer(s) onions, cabbage, beans, cauliflower
  2. Effect of Medications on Stool Correct Answer(s) - aspirin, anticoagulants Correct Answer(s) pink to red to black stool