Download Central Nervous System Exam Questions and Answers: Neuroscience Study Guide and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
NURS 5315: EXAM 4 WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024
"central nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER consists of the brain and spinal cord"
"peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31
spinal nerves subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous system"
"afferent nerves - CORRECT ANSWER sensory transmitters that send impulses from
receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system"
"efferent nerves - CORRECT ANSWER Also called motor nerves; nerves that carry
information from the CNS to cells, tissues and organs."
"Neuron - CORRECT ANSWER a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
fuel source: glucose"
"Parts of a neuron - CORRECT ANSWER cell body, dendrites, axon"
"Cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER Location: largest part of the brain
Function: Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body Sign of injury/lesion/disorder: movements that are slow and uncoordinated"
"cerebral cortex - CORRECT ANSWER the gray matter surrounding the cerebrum"
"white matter - CORRECT ANSWER located beneath the cerebral cortex
myelinated axons of the CNS"
"Four lobes of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal"
"frontal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER located under forehead
Function: directs voluntary skeletal actions; responsible for communication, emotions, intellect, reasoning, judgment and behavior. Contains Broca's area: responsible for speech Sign of injury/lesion/disorder: Head and eye movement to one side. Complete or partial unresponsiveness or difficulty speaking. Explosive screams, including profanities, or laughter."
"parietal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Located in the upper back half of the brain.
Function: interprets tactile sensation such as touch, pain, temperature, shapes and 2-point discrimination
Sign of injury/lesion/disorder:"
"occipital lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Located:behind the parietal lobe on the top of a
membrane that helps in separating it from cerebellum function: houses the ability to read with comprehension and is the primary visual receptor center Sign of injury/lesion/disorder: vision and perception problems"
"temporal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER Located:The temporal lobes are located at the sides of
the brain, and can be considered the "middle" region of each brain hemisphere. function: interprets impulses from the ear. contains Wernicke's area: auditory stimuli Sign of injury/lesion/disorder: Disturbance of auditory sensation and perception. Disturbance of selective attention of auditory and visual input. Disorders of visual perception. Impaired organisation and categorisation of verbal material. Disturbance of language comprehension. Impaired long-term memory."
"Supratentorial - CORRECT ANSWER above the tentorium cerebelli"
"Infratentorial - CORRECT ANSWER below the tentorium cerebelli"
"tentorium cerebelli - CORRECT ANSWER separates cerebrum from cerebellum"
"sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the division of the autonomic nervous
system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations"
"parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the division of the autonomic
nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy"
"Beta 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWER located in the heart
increase the heart's rate and strength of contraction"
"Beta 2 receptors - CORRECT ANSWER located in the bronchioles of the lungs and the
arteries of the skeletal muscles cause vasodilation, reduces total peripheral resistance, bronchodilation"
"Alpha 1 receptors - CORRECT ANSWER Located in blood vessels, smooth muscles
vasoCONSTRICTION -> increase BP contraction of smooth muscles glucose metabolism"
CM: lose consciousness quickly, develop apnea, reactive pupils that later dilate, decorticate posturing"
"Partial seizures types - CORRECT ANSWER Simple partial with motor symptoms
Simple partial with sensory symptoms Complex partial"
"epilepsy - CORRECT ANSWER primary seizure condition for which no underlying
correctable cause can be found"
"postictal state - CORRECT ANSWER a state of decreased/altered level of consciousness
following an epileptic seizure"
"Increased ICP S/S - CORRECT ANSWER Lethargy, decreased LOC
Widening pulse pressure Bradycardia Increased Systolic Cushing's Triad"
"Increased ICP: stage 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 1: brain compensates with
vasoconstriction and external compression - patient may be asymptomatic"
"increased ICP: stage 2 - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 2: increasing amount of contents inside
intracranial vault, brain unable to compensate; CM: confusion, restlessness, lethargy, pupil and breathing changes, decreased LOC"
"increased ICP: stage 3 - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 3: ICP approaches arterial pressure -
patient decompensates quickly. CM: decreased LOC, widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, pupils small and sluggish, CO accumulation causes vasodilation > decreased hydrostatic pressure, and increased blood volume"
"increased ICP: stage 4 - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 4: equalization of arterial pressure and
ICP > no CPP > cellular hypoxia, cell death herniation occurs when the brain tissue moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure"
"Traumatic Brain Injury - CORRECT ANSWER a blow to the head or a penetrating head
injury that damages the brain
Complications: post-concussion syndrome, posttraumatic seizures, chronic traumatic encephalopathy"
"Primary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER An injury to the brain and its associated
structures that is a direct result of impact to the head. Focal-limited to one area (closed head trauma) Diffuse-shaking force which strains the brain"
"Secondary brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER The "after effects" of the primary injury;
includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and infection; onset is often delayed following the primary brain injury."
"closed traumatic brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER brain injury in which damage may
occur to the underlying vessels, dura sinus, brain and cranial nerves without harming the integrity of the skull May cause immediate loss of consciousness, loss of reflexes, transient loss of respiration, bradycardia and low BP"
"cord contusion - CORRECT ANSWER Bruising of the neural tissue"
"cord concussion - CORRECT ANSWER temporary disruption of cord mediated functions"
"spinal cord compression - CORRECT ANSWER pressure placed on the cord from a lesion,
mass or swelling. Leads to ischemia and tissue damage."
"spinal cord hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER bleeding directly in to the spinal cord
not usually associated with loss of function"
"spinal shock - CORRECT ANSWER complete but temporary loss of motor, sensory, reflex,
and autonomic function immediately after injury- resolves 7-20 days s/s: flaccid, bradycardia, hypotension, paralytic ileus"
"meingocele - CORRECT ANSWER sac-like protrusion through the bony defect in the spinal
defect containing meninges and cerebral spinal fluid. Does not involve the spinal cord and it is possible that the infant will not have any neurologic deficits"
"myelomeningocele - CORRECT ANSWER hernia of the spinal cord and meninges
"Substance Withdrawal Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER Each substance has its own unique
syndrome as symptoms of abrupt cessation of heavy and prolonged use"
"vasogenic edema - CORRECT ANSWER clinically the most important type and is caused by
the increased permeability of the capillary endothelium of the brain after injury to the vascular structure"
"cytotoxic edema - CORRECT ANSWER toxic factors directly affect the cellular elements of
the brain causing failure of the active transport systems"
"interstitial edema (hydrocephalic edema) - CORRECT ANSWER occurs especially around
the lateral ventricles when an increase in intravascular pressure causes an abnormal flow of fluid from the intraventricular CSF across the ependymal lining to the periventricular white matter"
"contracoup injury - CORRECT ANSWER brain slams against cranium in one direction and
then back in the other direction"
Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER also known as kidney stones or renal calculi, is the
presence of renal stones within the renal pelvis and/or calyces"
"Risk factors of Nephrolithiasis - CORRECT ANSWER age, male gender, fluid intake,
Caucasian, diet, HTN, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, obesity and DM Type 2"
"High protein diets result in... - CORRECT ANSWER an increase in purine intake"
"High sodium diet predisposes the individual to... - CORRECT ANSWER increased calcium
excretion and therefore to calcium stone formation"
"Essential HTN has a role in the formation of renal calculi... - CORRECT ANSWER but the
association is not clear."
"Acute kidney injury is... - CORRECT ANSWER an abrupt reduction in renal function with
oliguria"
"Stage 1 of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by a creatinine of 1.5-1.9 times higher than
the baseline or ≥ 0.3mg/dL increase in creatinine"
"Stage 2 of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by a creatinine of 2-2.9 times higher than
the baseline."
"Stage 3 of AKI - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by a creatinine of 3.0 times higher than
the baseline or an increase in serum creatinine to ≥ 4.0 mg/dL or the initiation of renal replacement therapy or in person less than 18 years old a decrease in eGFR to < 35ml/minute per 1.732"
"Cause of Pre-renal AKI... - CORRECT ANSWER impaired blood flow to the kidney resulting
in a decreased GFR. Anything which decreases renal perfusion can cause a pre-renal AKI"
"Etiologies of AKI include: - CORRECT ANSWER • Vasoconstriction of renal arteries from
medications or shock states. • Hypotension • Hypovolemia • Hemorrhage • Inadequate cardiac output i.e. heart failure • NSAIDS • Renal artery stenosis"
"Most common cause of AKI... - CORRECT ANSWER Pre-renal AKI; Laboratory findings
consistent with AKI include a FeNa of < 1% and a BUN:Creatinine ratio of > 20." "What is used to evaluate an acute kidney injury and to differentiate between a pre-renal and
acute tubular necrosis? - CORRECT ANSWER fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa)"
"FeNa - CORRECT ANSWER a calculated measure based off the serum sodium, serum
creatinine, urine sodium and urine creatinine. It is reported as a percentage and is a marker of renal sodium excretion."
"A FeNa which is less than 1% indicates... - CORRECT ANSWER that the kidneys are
conserving sodium and is indicative of a pre-renal AKI"
"A FeNa which is greater than 2% indicates... - CORRECT ANSWER that the kidneys are
wasting sodium and is consistent with an acute tubular necrosis."
"FeNa values between 1-2% are... - CORRECT ANSWER indeterminate and are not helpful in
differentiating between the two disease processes"
"The BUN:Creatinine ratio greater than 20 is consistent with... - CORRECT ANSWER a pre-
renal acute kidney injury (AKI)"
"Intra-renal AKI is caused by... - CORRECT ANSWER an issue which has impaired renal
function at the cellular level in the kidney."
"Clinical manifestations of CKD Stage IV - CORRECT ANSWER increased triglycerides,
metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, sodium and water retention and elevated BUN/creatinine. Additional symptoms include moderate HTN, hyperphosphatemia, and anemia."
"Clinical manifestations of CKD STage III - CORRECT ANSWER erythropoietin deficiency,
experience anemia, and have an increase in creatinine and urea. They will have mild HTN."
"Clinical manifestations of CKD Stage II - CORRECT ANSWER increase in PTH, early bone
disease, increasing plasma creatinine and urea. They may have subtle hypertension."
"Clinical manifestations of CKD Stage I - CORRECT ANSWER These people are usually
asymptomatic"
"Clinical Manifestations of CKD Stage IV - CORRECT ANSWER This results in uremia. They
will also experience severe HTN, anemia and hyperphosphatemia."
"CKD Stage V is defined by a GFR of - CORRECT ANSWER < 15 ml/min or the need for
hemodialysis."
"Most common cause of CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Diabetes"
"Second most common cause of CKD - CORRECT ANSWER HTN"
"Third most common cause of CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Glomerulonephritis"
"2 other processes that can cause CKD over time - CORRECT ANSWER Polycystic kidney
disease and Obstructive problems such as renal stones"
"Clinical manifestations of CKD - CORRECT ANSWER uremia, Anemia secondary to decrease
erythropoietin levels, Fluid and electrolyte imbalances"
"Common fluid and electrolyte imbalances found with CKD - CORRECT ANSWER
Hyperkalemia Fluid volume deficit and Hyponatremia-during the early stages Fluid overload and hypernatremia- occur in late stages Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia Metabolic Acidosis"
"Fluid volume deficit and hyponatremia in CKD - CORRECT ANSWER during the early stages
sodium and fluid wasting occurs secondary to lack of the kidney's ability to concentrate urine"
"Fluid overload and hypernatremia in CKD - CORRECT ANSWER occur in late stages as the
patient becomes oliguric. Sodium is not excreted and accumulates as does fluid."
"Hyperphosphatemia in CKD - CORRECT ANSWER occurs due to a decreased excretion of
phosphorus."
"Hypocalcemia in CKD - CORRECT ANSWER occurs because calcium has an inverse
relationship to phosphorus. A decreased production of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol). This is needed for the absorption of calcium in the gut."
"Metabolic Acidosis in CKD - CORRECT ANSWER occurs because of the kidney's inability to
reabsorb urinary bicarb (HCO3) or excrete H+"
"Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs to... - CORRECT ANSWER compensate for the low
calcium levels which are secondary to the hyperphosphatemia"
"Osteodystrophy results from - CORRECT ANSWER secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Remember PTH causes an increase in osteoclastic activity, which causes the breakdown of bone. Osteodystrophy is defective bone formation which leads to osteoporosis. The metabolic acidosis associated with CKD also contributes to the development of osteodystrophy"
"A normocytic anemia commonly occurs and is due to... - CORRECT ANSWER a decreased
secretion of erythropoietin from the kidney"
"HTN occurs or worsens because - CORRECT ANSWER failing kidneys secrete more renin.
This results in more angiotensin II and vasoconstriction"
"Altered mental status can occur from - CORRECT ANSWER the increased levels of urea and
other uremic toxins. This usually will not be seen unless the BUN is > 100"
"Why is insulin resistance is common in CKD? - CORRECT ANSWER Hyperparathyroidism
decreases insulin sensitivity and impairs glucose tolerance. As the kidney function decreases it is not able to clear adiponectin and leptin which can contribute to the insulin resistance. Also the failing kidney is not able to degrade insulin so insulin's half life is prolonged."
"Why is dyslipidemia is common in CKD? - CORRECT ANSWER They tend to have high
triglyceride levels, low HDLs and high LDLs"
"Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: motor and sensory for face,
conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, eyes; motor fibers for muscles of mastication. Control of jaw movements -Testing procedure: pain, touch, and temperature are tested with proper stimulus; corneal reflex tested with a wisp of cotton; person is asked to move jaw through full ranges of motion"
"Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: motor and proprioceptor
fibers to/from lateral rectus muscle. Lateral eye movements -Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve III relative to moving eye laterally"
"Cranial Nerve VII: Facial - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: mixed (sensory and motor)
sensory fibers to taste buds and anterior 2/3 tongue; motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and to salivary glands -Testing procedure: check symmetry of face, ask person to attempt various facial expressions; sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances are applied to tongue to test tasting ability"
"Cranial Nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear - CORRECT ANSWER Function: Sensory - special
senses of hearing and balance; Foramen: internal auditory canal; Consequence of Loss: loss of hearing, loss of balance and equilibrium, nausea, vertigo, vomiting"
"Cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: motor fibers for
pharynx and salivary glands; sensory fibers for pharynx and posterior tongue. Taste sensation for sweet, bitter and sour -Testing procedure: gag and swallow reflexes are checked; posterior one third of tongue is tested for taste"
"Cranial Nerve X: Vagus - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: sensory/motor impulses for larynx
and pharynx; parasympathetic motor fibers supply smooth muscles of abdominal organs; sensory impulses from viscera -Testing procedure: tested in conjunction with cranial nerve IX"
"Cranial Nerve XI: Spinal Accessory - CORRECT ANSWER Function: Motor - to
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius; Foramen: foramen magnum, jugular foramen; Consequence of Loss: difficulty elevating scapula or rotating neck"
"Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal - CORRECT ANSWER -Function: motor/sensory fibers
to/from tongue. Movement of tongue -Testing procedure: ask person to stick out tongue, positional abnormalities are noted"
"Cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER Location: the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem;
functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance Sign of injury/lesion/disorder: ataxia, which may affect the limbs, trunk, or even speech"
"Axonal reaction - CORRECT ANSWER peripheral nerve self-repair"
"Neuroglia - CORRECT ANSWER cells that support and protect neurons
Astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, ependymal cells"
"Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWER Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system
responsible for the formation of myelin."
"types of neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER Acetylcholine: excitatory and inhibitory
Monoamines: histamine, serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine deficiency of dopamine leads to Parkinson Disease Amino Acids: glutamate, GABA, glycine"
"brain stem - CORRECT ANSWER Location: area at the base of the brain that lies between the
deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord Contains: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and reticular formation. Ten of the 12 cranial nerves arise from the brain stem. Function: It contains the respiratory and vasomotor centers, which are responsible, respectively, for breathing and the maintenance of blood pressure. Signs if injury/lesion/disorder: coma, irregular breathing, insomnia, balance issues, slurred speech, etc."
"reticular activating system (reticular formation) - CORRECT ANSWER Responsible for
alterations in arousal and sleep-wake transitions Extreme damage can cause coma"
"Thalamus - CORRECT ANSWER the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the
brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla"
"Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs
eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion"
"limbic system - CORRECT ANSWER neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives."
"Wernicke's area - CORRECT ANSWER location: temporal lobe on the left side of the brain
Function: speech comprehension, language development
"palmar grasp reflex - CORRECT ANSWER in response to stroking a baby's palm, the baby's
hand will grasp. appears: Birth Disappears: 6 months"
"Plantar Grasp Reflex - CORRECT ANSWER reaction to stimulation of the sole of the foot that
causes the toes of the feet to "grasp" appears: Birth Disappears: 10 months"
"Tonic neck reflex (fencer position) - CORRECT ANSWER Turn newborn head turned to the
right: Right arm/leg EXTEND Left arm/leg flex appears: 2 months
"age related nervous system changes - CORRECT ANSWER structural: decreased brain
weight and size, fibrosis o meninges, widening sulci and narrowing gyri, increase in ventricles cellular: decrease in neurons, myellin, dendritic and synaptic processes, increased neuroinflammation, declines in melatonin, atrophy of the epithelial cells in the choroid plexus cerebrovascular: arteriosclerosis, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, decreased vascular density functional changes: decreased deep tendon reflexes, skeletal muscle atrophy, progressive decrease in taste and smell, decreased vibratory sense, decrease control of gai and posture, sleep disturbances and memory impairments"
"cerebral blood flow - CORRECT ANSWER regulated to meet the metabolic needs of the
brain. 20% of cardiac output altered by the concentration of CO2 and O CBF decreases when CO2 decreases and increases when the PaO2 < 50mmHg When PaO2 = 70-90 mmHg, CBF is maintained"
"Cerebral Perfusion Pressure - CORRECT ANSWER pressure required to maintain perfusion
to the brain CPP = MAP - ICP Normal is 70-90 mmHg Low CPP caused by hypovolemia or hypotension > brain ischemia High CPP caused by hypertension > increased in hydrostatic pressure > fluid moves into the interstitium in the brain and > increased ICP > decreased CPP"
"intracranial pressure - CORRECT ANSWER pressure in the intracranial vault that must be
overcome to be perfused normal ICP = 5-15 mmHg increased ICP > decreased CPP and impaired cerebral perfusion"
"Four stages of ICP - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 1: brain compensates with vasoconstriction
and external compression - patient may be asymptomatic Stage 2: increasing amount of contents inside intracranial vault, brain unable to compensate; CM: confusion, restlessness, lethargy, pupil and breathing changes, decreased LOC Stage 3: ICP appraches arterial pressure - patient decompensates quickly. CM: decreased LOC, widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, pupils small and sluggish, CO2 accumulation causes vsodilation > decreased hydrostatic pressure and increased blood volume Stage 4: equalization of arterial pressure and ICP > no CPP > cellular hypoxia, cell death"
"Supratentorial: cingulate gyrus herniation - CORRECT ANSWER movement of the cingulate
gyrus under the falx cerebri"
"Supratentorial: transcalvarial herniation - CORRECT ANSWER brain tissue which moves
through an opening in the skull"
"Infratentorial: cerebellar tonsillar herniation - CORRECT ANSWER Most common
downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum CM: stiff neck, decreased LOC, respiratory abnormalities and pulse variations"
"Sodium imbalance effect on CNS - CORRECT ANSWER hyponatremia causes water
movement out of the vessels and into the interstitium and then into the cell. in the brain, they enter the neuron causing cerebral edema associated with CNS symptoms Hypernatremia is associated with a rapid decrease in intracellular water content and brain volume caused by an osmotic shift of free water out of the cells causing dehydrated neurons"
"expressive dysphasia - CORRECT ANSWER The inability to produce language ( despite
being able to understand language) Location of dysfunction: Broca's area of the frontal lobe"
"receptive dysphasia - CORRECT ANSWER The inability to understand language (despite
being able to hear it and produce it) Location of dysfunction: Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe"
"global aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER Nonfluent aphasia w/ impaired comprehension. Both
Broca's and Wernicke's areas affected."
"simple partial seizure with motor symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER CM: motor symptoms
which most often begin in the face and hands, tend to be clonic"
made of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts impulses are generated in the brain and sent to control voluntary movements of purpose and skill. crossover at the junction between the spinal cord and brain defects in this tract will be contralateral to the brain. Upper motor neuron deficits manifest as spastic paralysis, hyperreflexia, and Babinski reflex i.e. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease) lower motor neuron deficits manifest as flaccid paralysis, muscular atrophy, fasciculations, fibrillations or hyporeflexia. i.e. poliomyelitis"
"extrapyramidal tracts - CORRECT ANSWER descending motor tract:
made of rubrospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, and vestibulospinal tract crosses over at the junction between the brain stem and spinal cord. deficits are manifested contralaterally responsible for gross motor movements, automatic motor movements, facial expression, posture, muscle tone, speech, and swallowing. CM: spastic increase in muscle tone, abnormal postures, involuntary movements, tremors, i.e. Parkinson's Disease"
"Open Traumatic Brain Injury - CORRECT ANSWER dura is damaged and the contents of the
cranial vault are open to the environment Affecting a specific area of the brain tissue, Focal/localized damage. Example: Skull fracture."
"diffuse axonal injury - CORRECT ANSWER occurs from shaking which strains the brain -
type of brain injury characterized by shearing, stretching, or tearing of nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage."
"post concussive syndrome (PCS) - CORRECT ANSWER Symptoms of concussion >3 months.
Generally occurs in about 80% of persons with mild and moderate TBI"
"hemiparesis - CORRECT ANSWER slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the
body"
"Kernig's sign - CORRECT ANSWER inability to extend the leg completely when the thigh is
flexed upon the abdomen and the person is sitting or lying down"
"Brudzinski's sign - CORRECT ANSWER Severe neck stiffness causes a patient's hips and
knees to flex when the neck is flexed."
"transection of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER ascending and descending tracts are
partially or completely severed"
"Autonomic Dysreflexia - CORRECT ANSWER patients with spinal cord injuries are at risk
for developing autonomic dysreflexia (T-6 or above) parasympathetic nervous system is unable to send signals below the area of injury. Above injury: flushing sweating and bradycardia below injury: pale and cool skin Other CM: SBP up to 300mmHg, HA, blurred vision and nausea"
"Anterior Cord Lesion - CORRECT ANSWER Cause: trauma, ruptured intervertebral disk,
anterior spinal artery occlusion, primary spinal cord tumors or metastatic CA CM: loss of pain and temperature sensation, motor weakness"
"Central cord lesion - CORRECT ANSWER Cause: primary spinal cord tumors and
hyperextension injuries CM: loss of pain and temperature at level of lesion with other modalities preserved"
"posterior cord lesion - CORRECT ANSWER Cause: cervical spondylosis, epidural abscess, vit
B12 deficiency, syphilis, multiple sclerosis, primary spinal cord tumors, metastatic CA CM: loss of fine touch, loss of vibratory sensation, loss of proprioception, motor weakness"
"Migraine Phases - CORRECT ANSWER Premonitory Phase - early warning signs, can occur
several hours before the headache (e.g. depression, irritability, craving for foods etc.) Aura Phase - 1 in 5 people have an aura phase with: visual ( can include hallucinations), skin ( pin prick or needles) or language (expressing thoughts) difficulties HA Phase - throbbing pain and can last from several hours to days; may have fatigue, N/V or dizziness Recovery: After the Storm -patient feels extreme tiredness, weakness and or confusion, irritability, may take days to resolve"
"Anencephaly - CORRECT ANSWER defect in closure of the cephalic portion of the neural
tube that results in incomplete development of the brain and bones of the skull; the most drastic neural tube defect usually results in a stillbirth"
"encephalocele - CORRECT ANSWER herniation of brain tissue, most commonly the occipital
area"
"Renal calculi are made up of - CORRECT ANSWER calcium, struvite, uric acid or cystine (an
amino acid found in most proteins)"
