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NUR 641E FINAL EXAM LATEST
VERSION ACTUAL EXAM 200
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
GUARANTEED PASS
"Left heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER=> The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system. Due to pressure overload or volume overload" "Right heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER=> The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the pulmonic system. Can be due to volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic Valve. Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower extremities" "Furosemide (Lasix) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Loop diuretic; A drug that relieves heart failure symptoms but does not reduce mortality." "Loop diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER=> are potent diuretics, can cause diuretic resistance and hypokalemia, and work on receptors in the thick ascending renal loop of Henle. They also inhibit the re-absorption of sodium and chloride at this site in the kidney." "Potassium-sparing diuretics - CORRECT ANSWER=> spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride" "Milrinone - CORRECT ANSWER=> phosphodiesterase inhibitor, used for acute heart failure." "Tetralogy of Fallot - CORRECT ANSWER=> congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects" "Tetralogy of Fallot treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> Children that are diagnosed can stop hypoxic spells by squatting down (a compensatory mechanism)" "Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after
birth; a congenital heart defect with a continuous machine-like murmur heard over the left upper sternal border in both systole and diastole, a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation." "Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can be effectively treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin." "Raynaud's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> a vasospastic disorder typically seen during cold weather; involves the small arteries and arterioles in the fingers; occasionally, the toes are also involved; is treated with dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine) because they cause peripheral vasodilation." "Respiratory system: Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER=> is an obstructive airway disease associated with airflow obstruction, mucus production, hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue, and inflammation." "Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER=> *Mild persistent asthma is best treated with a short-acting beta- agonist (SABA) plus an inhaled corticosteroid. *Moderate persistent asthma is best treated with an inhaled low-dose corticosteroid and a long-acting bronchodilator. *Severe persistent asthma is best treated with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus a high- potency inhaled corticosteroid plus an oral corticosteroid drug." "Asthma treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> *Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are indicated only for PRN use. *Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA, e.g., salmeterol) should never be used in an acute asthma exacerbation; use a short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol). *Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) are used in acute asthmatic attacks, but can increase heart rate, tremors, nervousness, and reduce serum potassium levels." "Asthma: Corticosteroid teaching - CORRECT ANSWER=> Instruct a patient on any inhaled corticosteroid product to rinse the mouth after each use of the inhaled corticosteroid product." "Asthma: different types of inhalers used for treatments - CORRECT ANSWER=> *Advair (fluticasone and salmeterol) is an example of a long-acting beta agonist and a corticosteroid. *Anoro Ellipta (umeclidium/vilanterol) is an example of a long-acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent. *Combivent (albuterol/ipratropium) is an example of a short-acting beta agonist and an anticholinergic agent.
"Xanthine oxidase - CORRECT ANSWER=> Xanthine oxidase is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Allopurinol treats chronic gout by decreasing uric acid production by inhibiting this substance." "Urate lowering therapy (ULT) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can initiate an acute gouty attack; concomitant colchicine, NSAIDS or corticosteroids are used with ULT drugs to decrease the incidence of ULT-induced acute gouty attacks." "Allopurinol - CORRECT ANSWER=> the agent of choice for individuals with gout and high serum urate levels with underlying renal dysfunction, history of tophaceous gout, or urinary calculi." "Acute gouty attacks - CORRECT ANSWER=> are treated preferentially with NSAIDS e.g., indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, sulindac)." "NSAIDs - CORRECT ANSWER=> can cause GI bleeding (indicated by darkening of stools and epigastric pain); one recommendation is switch to a COX-2 inhibitor (i.e., celecoxib)." "ankylosing spondylitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae; a chronic inflammatory joint disease characterized by fusion and stiffening of the spine and sacroiliac joints." "Acetaminophen overdose - CORRECT ANSWER=> May cause acute liver disorders (e.g., acute hepatitis, hepatotoxicity); liver failure" "Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER=> bone forming cells" "Osteoclasts are - CORRECT ANSWER=> cells that break down bone matrix; reabsorb bone tissue" "Osteomalacia/rickets - CORRECT ANSWER=> a condition of insufficient bone mineralization (softening of bone r/t vit D deficiency)" "Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER=> a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily; a metabolic disorder with reduced bone mass/density." "Osteosarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER=> bone cancer"
"Paget's disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> a disorder in which abnormal new bone growth occurs at a faster rate than normal, involving increased resorption of spongy bone tissue" "A pathologic fracture - CORRECT ANSWER=> a fracture occurring at the site of a pre-existing bone abnormality, and occurs with a force that is considerably less than that which would cause a bone fracture at a different site." "Electrolyte balance: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> synthesized in the hypothalamus and causes the re-absorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney." "Hyponatremia treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> Fluid restriction If fluid restriction is not effective, give normal saline IV (0.9%NaCl). very slowly" "Orthostasis - CORRECT ANSWER=> maintenance of an upright standing posture, can be a significant side effect with use of a diuretic drug." "Orthostatic hyotension - CORRECT ANSWER=> a decrease of >20mmHg systolic blood pressure or a decrease of >10mmHgdiastolic blood pressure within 3 minutes of assuming a standing position." "Hyperkalemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER=> low potassium intake, renal insufficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's Disease, use of potassium-sparing diuretics." "Treatment of hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> include calcium gluconate, loop diuretics, patiromer (Veltassa), thiazide diuretics, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), regular insulin IV and inhaled albuterol." "Insulin and beta-2 agonist inhalers - CORRECT ANSWER=> are used to treat hyperkalemia because they move potassium from the bloodstream into the cells; insulin also increases the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells." "Calcium and phosphate homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER=> depends on calcitriol, calcitonin, and PTH hormone regulation; is affected by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin." "Hypercalcemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER=> bone hyperplasia, neoplasms, thiazide diuretics." "Hypercalcemia treatment - CORRECT ANSWER=> calcitonin, pamidronate, zoledronic acid"
"Dawn phenomenon (Dawn Effect) - CORRECT ANSWER=> occurs in the early morning hours (i.e., between 2 am and 8 am); blood glucose levels increase in patients with diabetes. There is no nighttime hypoglycemia" "Somogyi effect - CORRECT ANSWER=> If a client fails to eat her bedtime snack she might experience the Somogyi effect. This abrupt drop in the client's blood glucsose level during the night is followed by a false elevation; occurs after an episode of untreated , causing increased blood glucose levels in the morning; treated by increasing food intake near bedtime or reducing the evening insulin dose." "Gastrointestinal: Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER=> stimulants (e.g., senna, Bisacodyl, magnesium oxide [milk of magnesia], magnesium citrate, castor oil), bulk (psyllium, methylcellulose), stool softeners (e.g., docusate), sugars (e.g., lactulose), osmotic agent trapping water in the GI lumen (e.g., polyethylene glycol), mineral oil." "Linaclotide (Linzess) - CORRECT ANSWER=> IBS-C Therapy; for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC)" "The safest laxative for chronic use is - CORRECT ANSWER=> methylcellulose (Citrucel, Metamucil)" "Octreotide - CORRECT ANSWER=> is a potent vasoconstrictor used in treating acute GI bleeds" "Anti-emetic agents - CORRECT ANSWER=> antihistamines, phenothiazines (e.g. prochlorperazine), 5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron[Zofran], granisetron)." "Ondansetron (Zofran) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Antiemetic; can cause constipation, headache, heart conduction irregularities (prolonged QT interval)." "5HT3 receptor antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER=> inhibit serotonin receptors inside the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and also inhibit serotonin receptors on vagal nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions reduce nausea and vomiting." "H2RAs - CORRECT ANSWER=> cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid)"
"Lactulose - CORRECT ANSWER=> is used in hepatic encephalopathy; works by ion trapping of ammonia." "Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) - CORRECT ANSWER=> esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex)" "Heart patients taking clopidogrel (Plavix) - CORRECT ANSWER=> should avoid omeprazole; it blocks enzymatic conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite." "Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER=> does not interact with pantoprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole" "Overuse of PPIs - CORRECT ANSWER=> can result in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)" "Adverse effects of opioid analgesic agents - CORRECT ANSWER=> include constipation, addiction, overdose, sedation, and impaired daily functioning" "Docusate - CORRECT ANSWER=> a stool softener, is the preferred laxative for managing opioid- induced constipation (OIC)" "Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac sprue) - CORRECT ANSWER=> is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which the affected patient cannot absorb certain cereal proteins" "The Dumping Syndrome (rapid gastric emptying) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can occur after a partial gastrectomy and has symptoms of rapid pulse, hypotension, pallor, weakness, sweating and faintness" "Dumping Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER=> can cause a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, resulting in a rapid movement of fluid from blood vessels into the intestinal lumen" "The liver - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the one internal organ that can regrow back to its original size depending on the area of tissue removed; this is a type of compensatory hyperplasia." "Vitamin B12 deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> can occur after a partial gastrectomy; this may cause the patient to develop a pernicious anemia." "Hematology: UFH - CORRECT ANSWER=> Unfractionated heparin"
"Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan - CORRECT ANSWER=> are the only triptans available as nasal sprays" "Intravenous Anesthetics - CORRECT ANSWER=> ketamine, thiopental, fentanyl, propofol, dexmedetomidine" "Propofol - CORRECT ANSWER=> Used for sedation in ICU, rapid anesthesia induction, short procedures. Less postoperative nausea;has a rapid onset, does not usually cause nausea, and poor analgesia" "Propofol can affect - CORRECT ANSWER=> triglycerides; monitor triglyceride levels" "ICU delirium - CORRECT ANSWER=> a serious problem encountered in the ICU; patients have an increased length of stay & increased mortality; commonly occurs in elderly patients, is treated with haloperidol, although dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the preferred drug for sedation in the elderly" "If respiratory depression is a concern - CORRECT ANSWER=> dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the preferred anesthetic; however, it should not be used longer than 24 hours as per the FDA- approved product information." "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a group of second- generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters; citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), vortioxetine (Trintellix)." "Side effects of SSRIs - CORRECT ANSWER=> include weight gain, GI distress, decreased sexual libido and insomnia" "Olanzapine - CORRECT ANSWER=> Zyprexa; a second-generation antipsychotic, has the advantage of being available as a long-acting injection for acute psychotic reactions" "Drugs most effective in alcohol withdrawal - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lorazepam (Ativan) and phenobarbital; if liver dysfunction is present, lorazepam is the preferred agent because of its different metabolic pathway than other benzodiazepines."
"All Benzodiazepines - CORRECT ANSWER=> May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may intensify this effect. Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically: diazepam, triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on their feet" "Drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER=> include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine" "Drugs acting on the parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER=> include atropine, oxybutynin, and ipratropium" "arachnoid villi (granulations) - CORRECT ANSWER=> help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts; allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi maintains normal CSF volume and pressure" "Circle of Willis - CORRECT ANSWER=> supplies collateral blood flow to the brain" "adrenal medulla - CORRECT ANSWER=> will increase secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine due to sympathetic stimulation caused by increased stress" "antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> promotes retention of water by kidneys; is synthesized in the hypothalamus, and acts on the renal tubular cells" "Low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can cause diabetes insipidus (DI)" "A patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) - CORRECT ANSWER=> will have a laboratory finding of low urine specific gravity" "Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - CORRECT ANSWER=> destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue; is a disorder involving the demyelination of CNS nerve fibers (central component of the pathological model)" "Alzheimer's - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the development of neurofibrillary tangles in the CNS" "Antiepileptic Agents:
"The primary cause of antimicrobial resistance - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the indiscriminate use of antibiotic agents" "Cross-resistance - CORRECT ANSWER=> Phenomenon in which resistance to one antimicrobial drug confers resistance to similar drugs; as seen with penicillin and cephalosporin drugs, can occur because both antibiotic classes have a beta-lactam ring that the enzyme beta-lactamase from an organism can attack and destroy, rendering the antibiotic ineffective vs the organism." "Antibiograms - CORRECT ANSWER=> are charts of local antimicrobial resistance patterns developed by local laboratories that record the susceptibility or organisms encountered clinically" "Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) - CORRECT ANSWER=> a highly resistant bacteria that affects the intestinal tract; is the organism producing a toxin that causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis (AAPMC). This type of diarrhea occurs often with clindamycin use." "ndividuals with glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> have increased side effects when given sulfonamide drugs; avoid their use in these individuals" "Isoniazid (INH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> inhibits mycolic acid synthesis; is used in combination to treat tuberculosis, and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is administered with INH to reduce the side effect of peripheral neuropathy" "Tetracycline hydrochloride (Sumycin) - CORRECT ANSWER=> can cause stunted growth in children and should not be used; however, doxycycline and minocycline are safe for adolescent patients to use" "Short-term tetracycline therapy - CORRECT ANSWER=> in a woman taking oral contraceptive drugs requires a secondary birth control measure (e.g., condom use) until the next menses" "Current Guidelines state that adult heart patients undergoing dental procedures - CORRECT ANSWER=> do not require prophylactic antibiotics." "Right-sided infective endocarditis due to Staph aureus - CORRECT ANSWER=> should be treated with daptomycin"
"pyrogenic bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER=> bacteria that produce endotoxins; produce endotoxins which stimulate release of inflammatory mediators that result in fever" "Invasion period - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the stage of an infection when the immune and inflammatory responses are initiated; pathogen is multiplying, invasion is farther, and affects other body tissues" "Vertical transmission - CORRECT ANSWER=> from parent to child" "Horizontal transmission - CORRECT ANSWER=> person to person" "Passive-acquired immunity - CORRECT ANSWER=> Transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the mother to the fetus in utero; occurs with the passage of immunoglobulin across the placental barrier." "Combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER=> increase the antimicrobial spectrum of activity of the beta-lactam antibiotic: amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (Augmentin) piperacillin+ tazobactam (Zosyn) for Pseudomonas Ampicillin + sulbactam (Unasyn) Ceftriaxone + sulbactam" "Fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> use is reserved for pneumonias or exacerbations of chronic bronchitis to decrease the potential for development of further resistance" "Fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> are not active vs. MRSA infections" "Fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> interact with metals (e.g., iron, calcium, magnesium) in foods and vitamins; space dosing away from meals containing these metals" "Fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> interact with dairy products and other calcium- and magnesium-containing products" "Fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> may increase warfarin's anticoagulant effect, and decrease caffeine clearance (causes nervousness)" "Monitor patients taking fluoroquinolones - CORRECT ANSWER=> for joint pain; tendon rupture has been reported with these antimicrobial agents"
Psoriasis or seborrheic and actinic keratoses - CORRECT ANSWER=> all have characteristic elevated, firm and rough lesions that have a flat top surface > 1 cm in diameter" "Retinoids - CORRECT ANSWER=> vitamin A derivatives used to treat acne, psoriasis and photoaging" "All retinoids - CORRECT ANSWER=> can cause dry skin, skin irritation and peeling, a reddened skin area, and photosensitivity" "Oral isotretinoin (Accutane) - CORRECT ANSWER=> is contraindicated in pregnancy because of a very high risk of birth defects" "Topical tazarotene - CORRECT ANSWER=> is used for both acne and psoriasis" "Azelaic acid (Azelex) - CORRECT ANSWER=> is used to treat mild to moderate inflammatory acne, with minor skin irritation; effective against acne vulgaris" "Koplik spots (measles) - CORRECT ANSWER=> are white spots that are surrounded by red ring/circle, are found on the buccal mucosa and are associated with rubeola" "generalized urticaria - CORRECT ANSWER=> is a common sign of an allergic reaction" "eczema (atopic dermatitis) - CORRECT ANSWER=> inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, papulovesicular, or papalosquamous lesions" "A wart (lichen planus or verruca) - CORRECT ANSWER=> is a skin condition with elevated and firm circumscribed lesions < 1 cm in diameter" "Adverse topical corticosteroid effects include - CORRECT ANSWER=> thinning of the skin, dermatitis, striae, purpura, local skin infections, and hypopigmentation" "Potent topical corticosteroids (i.e., group I agents) - CORRECT ANSWER=> should not be used over a large surface area in children because of hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis suppression, growth retardation, and systemic toxicity" "Wet Gangrene (Moist Gangrene) - CORRECT ANSWER=> is associated with liquefactive necrosis of the skin; the result of tissue necrosis and bacterial infection. Generally due to obstruction of
venous outflow from the area. The skin is moist and black and has a foul odor is present. Usually effects the extremities or internal organs and spreads fast" "Individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - CORRECT ANSWER=> often have a red butterfly-shaped rash across their face" "SLE - CORRECT ANSWER=> is a disorder caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody that attacks the host DNA, resulting in tissue damage" "Genitourinary: A recurrent UTI - CORRECT ANSWER=> is an infection that is caused by different organisms; a relapsing UTI is an infection caused by the same organism; recurrent UTIs are seen more frequently than a relapsing UTI." "A male with a past occurrence of cryptorchidism - CORRECT ANSWER=> has an increased risk of developing testicular cancer" "Testicular cancer - CORRECT ANSWER=> typically occurs in young men between age 5 and 35 years of age" "Elderly men with underlying medical conditions such as benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> should avoid drugs that have high anticholinergic activity (e.g., diphenhydramine)" "Testicular torsion - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the rotation of a testis, resulting in twisting of spermatic cord blood vessels" "varicocele - CORRECT ANSWER=> enlarged veins of the spermatic cord; which results in low sperm count and as a result leads to male infertility" “Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER=> Involves ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination). Absorption: absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma. Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular fluid.
FDA review of the results to determine approval Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase IV)" "Medication safety organizations - CORRECT ANSWER=> The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCCMERP) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative" "Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Two basic type of ADRs: pharmacological and idiosyncratic. 85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological. Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions. ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported. Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care, using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling." "Cardiovascular-Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril; *ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme. *Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs."
"Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs): - CORRECT ANSWER=> Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan). ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors." "Cardiovascular-Essential (primary) hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER=> Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may be caused by chronic renal failure." "Nitroglycerin - CORRECT ANSWER=> nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina; a nitrate drug that can be administered IV, SL, a topical ointment and as a transdermal patch" "PDE-5 inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER=> -Pulmonary hypertension therapy -Include sildenafil. Inhibit cGMP PDE5 and prolong vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide." "cGMP phosphodiesterase - CORRECT ANSWER=> an enzyme in cells that converts cGMP into GMP" "Amiodarone - CORRECT ANSWER=> is the antiarrhythmic of choice when there is coexisting heart failure; can cause thyroid and pulmonary toxicity." "Alpha-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER=> results in vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure." "Alpha-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER=> results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure" "Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER=> by beta agonists (e.g., isoproterenol) results in increased heart rate, increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output." "Beta-1 adrenergic blockade - CORRECT ANSWER=> results in reduced heart rate, reduced blood pressure and reduced cardiac output."
