Notes explain about neural conduction and synaptic transmission, Study notes of Health, psychology

Download Notes explain about neural conduction and synaptic transmission and more Study notes Health, psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Neural conduction and

synaptic transmission

Neural conduction and synaptic transmission

Neurons: Neurones are specialised cells in the nervous system that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They form the basis of communication within the brain and essential for various cognitive functions and bodily processes.

Structure of neurons: it was Ramon Y cajal identified the three major parts of the neurons;

**1. Cell body

2. Dendrites
3. Axon**

Types of neurons

Sensory neurons: Receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs. Sensory input taken to the brain for processing.

Motor neurons: Take commands from the brain and carry them to the muscles of the body. Each time we move any muscle motor neurons are at work.

Inter neuron: Neurons that communicate only with other neurons.

Neural conduction refers to the transmission of electrical signals along the length of a nerve cell ,or neuron it involves a series of an events that allow information to travel from one end of the neurone to the other end.

1. Resting membrane potential: Neurons have a resting membrane potential which is an electrical charge across the cell membrane when the neuron is at rest. This is maintained by the unequal distribution of ions( charge particles) inside an outside the neuron. 2. Stimulus and depolarization: when a neuron receive a stimulus , such as a change in the environment or a signal from another neuron, ion channels in the cell membrane open allowing postively charged sodium ions to flow into the neuron. The influx of positive charge causes depolarization, reducing the voltage difference across the membrane.

Action potentials incantation: If the the depolarization reaches a certain threshold it trigger than action potential. This is a rapidant temporary reversal of the membrane potential , characterised by a sudden influx of sodium ions into the cell. Propagation of action potential : The action potential travels along the length of the neuron as sodium ion entre at one point ,they cause the adjacent section of the neurons membrane Depolarize ,initiating another action potential this process continues down the entire length of the neuron. Repolarization : After the action potential passes, potassium channels open, allowing positively charged potassium ions to leave the neuron. this repolarize the membrane restoring the initial resting membrane potential. Hyperpolarizations : sometimes, the membrane potential briefly becomes more negative than the resting state, known as hyperpolarization. This is due to an excess of potassium ions leaving the cell. Refactory period: After an action potential, there is a refactory period during which the neuron is less responsive to additional stimuli. This ensures that the signal moves in one direction and allows the neuron to reset for the next potential action.

In short neral conduction involves a carefully regulated sequence of events that enables the transmission of information as electrical impulse along the length of neuron. The action potential serves as the fundamental unit of this process, allowing rapid precise communication within the nervous system.

5. Synaptic Cleft:The synaptic cleft is the small gap between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron.
6. Receptors on Postsynaptic Neuron: Neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane. These receptors are often proteins that are sensitive to particular neurotransmitters.
7. Postsynaptic Potential: The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors generates postsynaptic potentials. If the neurotransmitters cause depolarization, it may lead to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). If they cause hyperpolarization, it results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
8. Integration of Signals:The postsynaptic neuron integrates excitatory and inhibitory signals from multiple synapses. If the overall signal surpasses a certain threshold, it triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. I
9. Neurotransmitter Inactivation or Reuptake: After binding to receptors, neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, taken back up into the presynaptic neuron through reuptake transporters, or diffuse away.
10. Termination of Signal:The removal or inactivation of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft helps terminate the signal, preventing continuous stimulation.

This entire process ensures precise and regulated communication between neurons, allowing for the transmission of information in the nervous system.

Thank you

By diksha Chaudhary M.A ( psychology) semester 1st Assessment- bio psychology.