Nutrition and Child Development: Colostrum, Balanced Diet, and Malnutrition, Schemes and Mind Maps of Pediatrics

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D I E T

B E N H U R

M P T

N E U R O S C I E N C E S

Colostrum

Mothers produce a thick yellow fluid

called colostrum for the first 3 to 4

days after childbirth. Colostrum is

followed by breast milk which is

whiter and has a close resemblance

to cow’s milk. Though every mom

produces milk at her own pace and as

per the requirements of her baby,

after about 3 to 4 days, once the

colostrum flows out of breast,

mother will begin to produce breast

milk

2

Energy requirements of child

-. Calculation of energy requirement should account for the level of physical activity and the energy required to allow for optimal growth. For children with normal body weights, the energy requirements are calculating roughly as 100 kcal/ kg for the first 10 kg of body weight; between 10 and 20 kg, the requirement is 1000 kcal plus 50 kcal/kg added for weight above 10 kg (e.g. for a 15 kg child, the requirement will be 1250 kcal); and for weight more than 20 kg, 20 kcal/kg is added to 1500 kcal to estimate the requirements (e.g. for a 30 kg child the requirement is approximately 1700 kcal).

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Indicators of undernutrition 9/15/2021 10

Marasmus

• It results from rapid deterioration in nutritional status. Acute starvation or acute illness over a borderline nutritional status could precipitate this form of undernutrition. It is characterized by marked wasting of fat and muscle as these tissues are consumed to make energy. Kwashiorkor - It usually affects children aged 1--4 yr. The main sign is pitting edema, usually starting in the legs and feet and spreading, in more advanced cases, to the hands and face. Because of edema, children with kwashiorkor may look healthy so that their parents view them as well fed. 9/15/2021 PRESENTATION TITLE 11 Click to add text

Signs and symptoms

• pain – the bones affected by rickets can be sore and painful, so the child may be reluctant to walk or may tire easily; the child's walk may look different (waddling)
• skeletal deformities – thickening of the ankles, wrists and knees, bowed legs, soft skull bones and, rarely, bending of the spine
• dental problems – including weak tooth enamel, delay in teeth coming through and increased risk of cavities
• poor growth and development – if the skeleton doesn't grow and develop properly, the child will be shorter than average
• fragile bones – in severe cases, the bones become weaker and more prone to fractures 9/15/2021 13

Causes

• It is recommended that:
• adults, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, and children over 4 years old should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms (mcg) of vitamin D from at least October to March
• babies from birth to 1 year of age , whether exclusively or partially breastfed, should be given a daily supplement containing 8.5 to 10mcg of vitamin D, to make sure they get enough
• babies fed infant formula do not need a vitamin D supplement until they are receiving less than 500ml (about a pint) of infant formula a day, because infant formula is fortified with vitamin D
• children aged 1 to 4 years old should be given a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D Lack of vitamin D and calcium Sources of vitamin D are: sunlight – your skin produces vitamin D when it's exposed to the sun, and we get most of our vitamin D this way food – vitamin D is also found in some foods, such as oily fish, eggs and fortified breakfast cereals dietary supplements Calcium is commonly found in dairy products, such as milk, cheese and yoghurt, and green vegetables, such as broccoli and cabbage.

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