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NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions
and Answers
What does CACREP stand for? - ans the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs What does CCE stand for? - ans Center for Credentialing and Education, inc What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it? - ans Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis. Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development. - ans Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!) Describe Erik Erikson's stages. - ans Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.) define psychometric. - ans pertaining to mental testing and measurement define psychodiagnostic - ans the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category. define psychopharmacology - ans the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions. What is the id? - ans the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused. What is the ego? - ans this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check.
What is the superego? - ans the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory. Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"? - ans Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!)
Who formulated the very first intelligence test? - ans Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la! What is a t test? - ans Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups.
Define Conservation. - ans A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years) Symbolic Schema - ans A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage. David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept? - ans Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively. Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development? - ans Moral development. Define Epigenetic - ans Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? - ans John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912. define Reversability. - ans the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? - ans He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention. What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories? - ans Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow. Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development? - ans Lawrence Kohlberg A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic? - ans Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person. Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development. - ans Preconventional,
What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess? - ans It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario. Who is the father of Analytic Psychology? - ans Carl Jung Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? - ans Sigmund Freud What is biofeedback? - ans Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold. From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"? - ans Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage. RS factors - ans RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work. What is Positive Psychology? - ans a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness. What concept is Martin Segliman known for? - ans The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present. What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? - ans he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?
- ans child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? - ans individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation. What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? - ans (also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level)
Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level? - ans under 40%.
but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor? - ans to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby - ans he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life. object loss - ans Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors. symbiosis - ans Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis. In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur? - ans Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others. Daniel Levinson - ans wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later. Harry Harlow - ans the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys. Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans? - ans Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression. Anaclitic Depression - ans term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life. Arnold Gesnell - ans maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a
What are Freud's Stages considered? - ans Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered? - ans Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair What is emphasized in Freudian Theory? - ans Instincts What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)? - ans man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span? - ans Erik Erikson What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts? - ans The id What is also known as the reality principle? - ans The Ego What concept does William Perry stress? - ans Dualistic Thinking What is Dualistic Thinking? - ans common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white. What is relativistic thinking? - ans Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world. What does Robert Kegan stress? - ans A model on Interpersonal Development What is Interpersonal Development? - ans A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan. List Jean Piaget's stages in order. - ans Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory? - ans the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
According to Piaget when does a child master conservation? - ans During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well.
Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's) In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by? - ans Consequences
What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer? - ans The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor). What can Frued and Erikson be classified as? - ans Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what? - ans Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss." In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? - ans Generativity vs. Stagnation What is Harry Harlow known for? - ans His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned. What was Freud's structural Theory of the mind? - ans Id, Ego, and Superego What does Manifest mean? - ans Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. What does Latent content mean? - ans Refers to the hidden meaning of the dream (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians). When is the fear of death greatest? - ans Middle Age In Freudian Theory when does attachment being a major factor evolve? - ans During the Oral Stage, the first psychosexual stage. What did Stanley Coopersmith find? - ans That child-rearing methods seem to have tremendous impact on self-esteem. Define Cephalocaudal. - ans Head to foot. What is the Oedipus Complex and when does it occur in Freud's Stages of Development? - ans The boy's wish to marry his mother and rage toward his father. It occurs during the phallic stage (ages 3-5 years old). Define Electra Complex. - ans When the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex.
What do Empiricists believe? - ans That development merely consists of quantitative changes. Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Experience is the source of acquiring knowledge. The forerunner of behaviorism. Who thought up Empiricism? - ans John Locke A theorist who believes developmental strides are qualitative is? - ans A Organicism. (Gestalt psychologists) According to Piaget, what stage do reflexes play the greatest role in? - ans The first one, the Sensorimotor Stage. This is also where "object permanence" is emphasized. What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with? - ans It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz. Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in? - ans Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it. Who is the Father of Reality Theory? - ans William Glasser During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema? - ans Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old). Define Negative Reinforcement. - ans When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur. Define Positive Reinforcement. - ans The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior. What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym? - ans Behavior Affective Responses Sensation s Imagery Cognition s Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in children. - ans
Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2-7 years old). A rock or car can talk to them. Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology? - ans C.G. Jung
